Geometrical Dimensioning & Tolerancing General Tolerance: Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
GEOMETRICAL
DIMENSIONING &
TOLERANCING
General Tolerance
1
Tolerance
Tolerance is the total amount by which a
specified dimension is allowed to vary.
One way to specify the tolerance is to
show the plus and minus tolerance value
next to the nominal dimension. This is
called conventional tolerance.
Conventional Tolerance
Two way of conventional tolerances specified in the
drawing:-
- Bilateral Tolerance (the actual dimension can be

either larger or smaller than the dimension shown
in the drawing).
- Unilateral Tolerance (the dimension of the part

can only be allowed to vary in one direction).
Conventional Tolerance
Equal Bilateral
10.0 ± 0.3 Tolerance
10.0 + 0.3 Unilateral Tolerance

- 0.0
Maximum Material Condition (MMC)
The maximum material condition

(MMC) of a part dimension is the
condition where the dimension is
either at the upper or lower
tolerance limit and the part contains
the most amount of material.
MMC - Outside Dimension
For an outside part dimension,

the MMC is at the upper limit of
the tolerance zone. This condition
creates the most amount of
material of the part.
MMC – Outside/External Dimension

MMC - Internal Dimension
For an internal dimension (e.g hole),

the MMC is located in the opposite
direction, at the lower limit of the
tolerance zone. In this case, the
smaller the hole the more material the
part contains. Tolerance specifications
often refer to the MMC when parts fit
into an assembly.
MMC - Internal Dimension

Least Material Condition (LMC)
The LMC of a part dimension is

the condition where the
dimensions is either at the upper
or lower tolerance limit and the
part contains the least amount of
material. The LMC is exactly the
opposite of MMC.
LMC – External Dimension
The LMC for an external dimension is

the lower limit of the tolerance zone
where the LMC is created.
LMC – External Dimension

LMC – Internal Dimension
The LMC for an internal dimension

(e.g hole), is located at the upper
limit of the tolerance. The LMC is
often used as part of the tolerance
specification when parts are used
in assemblies.
LMC – Internal Dimension

Tolerance Note
Often used where the tolerances of

more than one dimension are not critical
but still need to have some minimum
tolerance.
e.g :
TOLERANCE NOTE
Unless specified all tolerances
.XX ± 0.02cm and .XXX ± 0.05cm
Tolerance Note
GEOMETRICAL
DIMENSIONING &
TOLERANCING
Assembly Tolerances
Assembly Tolerances
Making parts fit together in an assembly is
one of the major challenges in
manufacturing. It is the primary reason
why the tolerances of certain dimensions
on parts are very important.
The assembly of parts requires that you

consider the tolerances of all parts in the
assembly at the same time. Parts have to
be designed to fit together when they are
at the limits of their tolerance zones.
Assembly Tolerances
Two primary types of fits for mating

parts are :-
1. Running/ Sliding/ Clearance Fit.

2. Force/ Interference/ Shrink Fit.
Running/ Sliding/ Clearance Fit
Is a type of fit where the dimension of

one part is always smaller than the
dimension of the mating part, no
matter what the parts’ dimension are
as long as they are within their
tolerances.
When the shaft is at its maximum size(10.53) and the

flange’s hole is at its smallest (10.56), there is still a
difference in size of 0.03mm.

The minimum difference in size between the two parts is
called the allowance. It occurs when both parts are at their
MMC.
Allowance =
MMC Hole - MMC Shaft
(Smallest Hole – Largest Shaft)
The maximum difference between the two mating

dimensions is called the clearance. It occurs when both
parts are at their LMC.
Clearance =
LMC Hole – LMC Shaft
(Largest Hole – Smallest Shaft)

Force/ Interference/ Shrink Fit
Is where the two parts manufactured

at any size within their tolerances
must be forced together in order to
fit. For a shaft and hole, a force fit is
one where the shaft is always larger
than the hole.
Two parts interfere with each other even when the

shaft is at its smallest (10.47) and the hole is at its
largest (10.45). The interference is 0.02mm.
Minimum Interference =
LMC Shaft – LMC Hole
(Smallest Shaft – Largest Hole)
Maximum Interference =
MMC Shaft – MMC Hole
(Largest Shaft – Smallest Hole)

Baseline Dimensioning
Is a dimensioning techniques where

dimensions are referenced from a
common point. Another term for
baseline dimensioning is datum
dimensioning. A datum is a zero or
reference point.
Chain Dimensioning
Is the other way to dimension a part

is to refer each dimension from the
leader line of the previous
dimension. The problem in chain
dimension is that it creates an error
called tolerance build up where the
overall dimension will have a
tolerance that is actually the sum of
all tolerances for each dimension.
Feature
The term feature refers to a physical portion

of a part. Examples include :
- the surface of a table
- the pins on an electrical connector
- the holes on an electrical outlet on the wall
where the connector fits
- a groove or slot on a mold.
Feature of Size
A feature of size is any feature that has a

dimension associated with it.
Examples:
-Length
-Width
-Height
-Diameter
-Hole size etc.
Tolerance for Features & Features of Size

• The types of tolerances that you studied
earlier is only applied to features of size.
• The types of tolerance method that will

allow us to apply tolerances for both
features and features of size is GD&T.
• GD&T is an important tools for making

sure that parts will fit together during
assembly.
GEOMETRICAL
DIMENSIONING &
TOLERANCING
Fundamentals of GD&T
Define GD&T
• For some products, manufacturing them

by controlling the tolerances of parts
dimension produces good parts that
work well for their intended applications.
• However, for many other products, there
are additional features that must be
controlled in order to make the product
works well.
Define GD&T
The shaft still meets the diameter tolerance at any point along its
length. But what if the shaft is bent? The shaft will not fit inside the
hole. This shows that controlling other features of a part during
manufacturing process can be important, in addition to just length or
width.
Define GD&T
The straightness of the shaft is called a

geometric feature. It is one of many
geometric features that is used by
industry to describe the shapes of parts.
The geometric features and their
tolerances are communicated on technical
drawings using a well-defined symbol and
notation system called geometric
dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T)
GD&T Symbol System
The GD&T symbol system is the standard

that is used in the United States and most
of the world. It was originally published as
a military standard and now is defined in
the U.S by a document titled ANSI Y14.5M.
ANSI stands for the American National
Standards Institute.
Types of Geometric Features

There are many geometric features that can be
identified and shown with a tolerance on a part
drawing. These features are included in one of
five types or groups.
1.Form
2.Profile
3.Orientation
4.Location
5.Run-Out
Form Feature
A form feature includes measurement

of the shape of plane or circular type
surface of a part.
e.g: straightness of a shaft or
flatness of a surface
Profile Feature
A profile feature describes the form

and orientation of the outline of an
object or a portion of an object.
An example of a profile feature
would be the outside shape of an
aircraft wing section or the outer
edge of a printed circuit board.
Orientation Feature
Orientation features describe how two

features are positioned with respect to
each other.
e.g : parallelism, perpendicularity and
angularity.
Location Feature
The location identifies where a

feature is positioned with respect to
a reference point on the part or with
respect to another feature.
e.g: locating hole positions
Run-out
Run-out is all-in-one measurement that is used to
measure the total error of the surface of a
cylindrical part.
Run-out can be measured by rotating the part in a
lathe chuck and measuring with an indicator how
the distance of the points along the outside
surface of a cylinder vary from the center axis.
This measurement picks up errors due to
straightness, cylindricity, concentricity and
others.
Run-out
GD&T Symbols

Geometrical Dimensioning & Tolerancing General Tolerance: Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

- Bilateral Tolerance (the actual dimension can be

- Unilateral Tolerance (the dimension of the part

10.0 + 0.3 Unilateral Tolerance

Maximum Material Condition (MMC)

The maximum material condition

MMC - Outside Dimension

For an outside part dimension,

MMC – Outside/External Dimension

MMC - Internal Dimension

For an internal dimension (e.g hole),

MMC - Internal Dimension

Least Material Condition (LMC)

The LMC of a part dimension is

LMC – External Dimension

The LMC for an external dimension is

LMC – External Dimension

LMC – Internal Dimension

The LMC for an internal dimension

LMC – Internal Dimension

Often used where the tolerances of

The assembly of parts requires that you

Two primary types of fits for mating

1. Running/ Sliding/ Clearance Fit.

Running/ Sliding/ Clearance Fit

Is a type of fit where the dimension of

Running/ Sliding/ Clearance Fit

When the shaft is at its maximum size(10.53) and the

Running/ Sliding/ Clearance Fit

The maximum difference between the two mating

Running/ Sliding/ Clearance Fit

Force/ Interference/ Shrink Fit

Is where the two parts manufactured

Force/ Interference/ Shrink Fit

Two parts interfere with each other even when the

Force/ Interference/ Shrink Fit

Force/ Interference/ Shrink Fit

Is a dimensioning techniques where

Is the other way to dimension a part

The term feature refers to a physical portion

A feature of size is any feature that has a

Tolerance for Features & Features of Size

• The types of tolerance method that will

• GD&T is an important tools for making

• For some products, manufacturing them

The straightness of the shaft is called a

GD&T Symbol System

The GD&T symbol system is the standard

Types of Geometric Features

A form feature includes measurement

A profile feature describes the form

Orientation features describe how two

The location identifies where a

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