Module 1:

The Foundation of
Life
 Do you know what is a
Cell?

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 Hello!
I am Nicole John Mobo
I am here to discuss the Cell, the Microscope, the Cell Theory and the Theory of
Spontaneous Generation

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 What is a Cell?
◉Cells are involved in all
processes that sustain life.
◉Whatever is needed by the
Microscopic cells in your body
determines what you need as a
Macroscopic organism.
◉The cells in your body have
different functions.

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 What are the four types of Cell?
◉Epithelial Cell
◉Nerve Cells
◉Muscle Cells
◉Connective Tissue Cells

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Cells are produced in two
ways:
1. Through Mitosis
2. Through Meiosis
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 Through Mitosis
◉A type of Cell Division that
produces identical daughter
cells.
◉Occurs when damaged or
injured cells need to be replaced.

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 Through Meiosis
◉A type of Cell Division that
produces haploid daughter cells –
wherein the number of
chromosomes in the daughter cells
is reduced by half.
◉Occurs in Sexual Reproduction.

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 The Cell

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 The Cell
◉The cell is the basic unit of life.
◉All living things are made up of one or more cells
◉There are two types of cell according to their number:
1. Unicellular Organisms
2. Multicellular Organisms

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 Unicellular Organisms
◉Are living things that are made up of one
cell only.
◉They are microscopic – which means that
they are so small that you cannot see them
with unaided eyes. You have to use a
microscope to see them. For Example:
streptococcus pneumoniae

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Multicellular Organisms
◉Are living things that are made
up of many cells
◉They are macroscopic – which
means that they can be seen by
the unaided eye. For example:
Sea Turtles

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 The Microscope
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Before the Invention of the Microscope
◉The Romans had already invented ◉The word lens was derived from the
and experimented with glasses latin word lentil, because it closely
during the first century. resembled the shape of the lentil
◉One of these glass samples involved bean.
a piece that had thick middle and ◉On the 13th century – these lenses
thin edges. were not fully utilized until the 13th
◉They discovered that small objects century when they were finally used
become larger through this glass – in eyeglass production. These lenses
this became the earliest form of a can only magnify objects at 6x –
lens. 10x.

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During Invention of the Microscope
◉Around 1595,
The First Compound
Microscope was invented by
Zacharias Jansen. It is believed that
Zacharias probably had help from his
father – Hans, because he was still
young at that time. They made these
microscope by placing several lenses
together and discovered that objects
were further enlarged when viewing

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During Invention of the Microscope
◉In 1665,
Robert Hooke examined a thin
slice of cork under the microscope that
he built. He was able to see and
observe small compartments called
cellula because they reminded him of
the “little rooms” in the monastery.
These eventually became known as
cells.

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During Invention of the Microscope
◉A few years later
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek created a
microscope with a much higher magnification
than the microscope that Hooke used.
Leeuwenhoek used his microscope to observe
specimens such as bacteria, blood cells, and
protists (example: Vorticella)

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The Cell Theory
 Cell Theory
◉A century passed before several
improvements on the microscope were made.
◉These latest microscope were used by:
 Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804-
1881)
 Theodor Schwann (1810 – 1882)
◉Their researches became the bases of the first
two postulates of the cell theory.

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 Matthias Jakob Schleiden
◉Was a professor of Botany at the
University of Jena, Germany.
◉He published his research in
1838, which was based in several
years of studying different types
of plants under the microscope.

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 Theodor Schwann
◉Was a professor of physiology at
the University of Louvain,
Belgium.
◉Published his research a year
later, based on his study of several
slides of animal cells.

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The first two Postulates of the Cell Theory

1. All organisms are made up of cells.

2. The basic unit of life is the cell.
The last postulate – was eventually proven
by Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow in 1858.
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 Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow
◉ Upon studying how cells played a role in body
diseases at that time, noticed that the existence of
diseases in the organs and tissues come from
affected cells.
◉ From this, he stated: Omnis cellula e cellula which
means that all cells arise from preexisting cells.
◉ However, it was believed that this discovery was
initially made by Robert Remak – a Jewish
scientist, in 1855, when he tried to prove the idea
of cell division by hardening the cell membrane.

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The Theory of
Spontaneous
Generation
 Spontaneous Generation
◉States that organisms can come from
nonliving sources.
◉Was generally accepted until the 19th century.
◉The cell theory’s third postulate directly
contradicts the theory of spontaneous
generation.

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◉Francisco Redi experimented on fresh meat
In 1668
jars. One jar with fresh meat was left open,
while the other jar with meat was covered with
gauze. Another jar with fresh meat was sealed
alright. The open jar eventually had maggots
feeding on the meat, while there were no
maggots in the meat on the covered jar.
However, some maggots were present on the
cloth of the other jar. Thus, Redi concluded
that maggots can only come from something
alive. He was one of the scientists to disprove
the theory of spontaneous generation.

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◉John Needham also made a test to check the
In 1745
validity of spontaneous generation. during that
time, people already believed that boiling
could kill microorganisms. In Needham’s
experiment, he boiled the chicken broth in a
container, and then sealed it. Days later
microorganisms still grew on the surface of the
chicken broth.
◉He presented this as a piece of evidence that
supported the theory of spontaneous
generation because there was no other source
of life other than the broth.
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 ◉ Lazzaro Spallanzani - was not convinced by the experiment of
Needham.
◉ He thought that microorganisms may have entered the broth
from the air between the time after the broth has cooled and
before the jar was sealed. He set out to do another experiment to
test his hypothesis. In his experiment, he sealed the flask and
then boiled the chicken broth in it. After a few days, no
microorganisms were observed in the flask. He subjected another
flask with chicken broth to the same conditions, except the flask
was not sealed. Microorganisms grew in the flask.
◉ He saw his results as proof that the theory of spontaneous
generation could not be true.
◉ Those who believed in the theory of spontaneous generation
contested that air was prevented to air the flask of Spallanzani,
resulting in the absence of microorganisms.
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◉Louis Pasteur also did some tests to check the
In 1859
truth behind the theory of spontaneous
generation.
◉It came clear to Pasteur that microorganisms
were introduced through the dust particles and
that these microorganisms did not arise from
the broth itself.
◉This finally proved that the theory of
spontaneous generation was flawed.

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 It’s the little details that are vital.
Little things make big things happen.
- John Wooden

”
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Cell the foundation of
life
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 Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at @username & user@mail.me

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