CO1 - Lesson 1.3 and 2

MATH01
General Mathematics
Course Outcome 1
• Lesson 1: Review of Core Topics
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1.3 Factoring
Factoring is a process of finding all the prime factors of a given product or
polynomial.
A polynomial with integral coefficients is said to be factored completely if
it is expressed as the product of two or more prime polynomials with
integral coefficient each of lower degree than the given polynomial.
A polynomial with integral coefficient is said to be prime of it if it has no
other factor except itself and one.
When two or more numbers or expressions are multiplied to form a
product, they are called the “factors of product”.
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Types of Factoring
• Case 1: Polynomial with a Common Factor
To factor a polynomial with a common factor.
Determine by inspection of the greatest factor common to all of the
terms of the polynomial that is the first factor.
Find the second factor by dividing each term of the polynomial by
the greatest common factor (GCF).
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Example: Factor the following.
1. 4.
2.
3.
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Types of Factoring
• Case 2: Difference of Two Squares
 To factor the difference of two squares, write the product

of the sum and the difference of their positive square roots.
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1.
2.
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3.
4.
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Types of Factoring
• Case 3: Perfect Square Trinomial
 To factor a perfect square trinomial, get the square roots of the

perfect square terms, connect them with the sign of the remaining
term and indicate that the expression is to be taken twice as a factor.
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1. 3.
2.
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Types of Factoring
• Case 4: Quadratic Trinomial Square
A trinomial of the form is not a perfect square trinomial that

can be factored out by using “trial and error” method.
In factoring trinomials of this type, the cross product (OI terms

in FOIL) concept is very important.
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1. 5.
2. 6.
3. 7.
4.
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Types of Factoring
•Case 5A: Sum of Two Cubes
To factor: the first factor is the sum of the cube roots of the first and
second term.
Another factor is the square of the first term minus the product of
these two terms plus the square of the second term.
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1.
2.
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Types of Factoring
•Case 5B: Difference of Two Cubes
To factor: the first factor is the difference of the cube roots of the
first and second term.
Another factor is the square of the first term plus the product of
the first and second term plus the square of the second term.
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1.
2.
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Types of Factoring
•Case 6: Factoring by Grouping
When a polynomial consists of four or more terms and not one of

the preceding types applies, then it can be factored by grouping.
To factor, arrange the terms of the polynomials into groups so
that each group has a common factor.
Divide each group by the common factor and write the quotient
in parenthesis preceded by the common factor.
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1. 3.
2. 4.
Or
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Lesson 2: Functions
• Relations and Functions
• Definition and Notation of Functions
• Types of Functions
• Domain and Range
• Operation of Functions
• Evaluation of Functions
• Application of Functions
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Relations and Functions
Relation is referred to as any set of ordered pair. Conventionally , it is
represented by the ordered pair .
In an ordered pair, is called the first element or x-coordinate while is the
second element or y-coordinate of the ordered pair.
Function is a set of ordered pairs in which no two ordered pairs have the
same first coordinate with different second coordinates. It leads to say that
every function is a relation, but not every relation is a function. Consequently,
it may have ordered pairs with the same second coordinate.
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Example:
Determine whether the following relations are functions.
b.
c. Domain = Set of all items for sale in a convenience store; Range=Price
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Example:
Determine whether the following relations are functions.
SOLUTION:
a. No x-value is repeated. Therefore, each x-value corresponds to
exactly one y-value. This relation is a function.
b. The value corresponds to both and . This relation is not a function.
c. Each item in the convenience store corresponds to exactly one
price. This relation is a function.
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Definition and Notation of Functions
Functions can be named by using a letter or combination of letters, such
as, .
If is an element of the domain of , then , which is read as “” or “the value

of at ”, is the element in the range of that corresponds to the domain of .
The notation “” means the name of the function while the notation “”
means the value of the function at .
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Types of Functions
A. CONSTANT FUNCTION
A function of zero-degree that is in the form of .
Young, C. Y. (2017). Algebra and Trigonometry, Enhanced

eText (4th Edition). Wiley Global Education US. shs.mapua.edu.ph
https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781119320869
Types of Functions
B. LINEAR FUNCTION
A function whose graph is a straight line and has the form of
where and are constants. is the slope and is the y-intercept. A

typical use for linear function is converting from one quantity or set of
units to another. Graphs of linear functions are straight lines. If is
positive then the line rises to the right, and if is negative then the line
falls to the right.
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Types of Functions
B. LINEAR FUNCTION

Types of Functions
C. QUADRATIC FUNCTION
A function in the form
where a, b and c are constants. Their graph are called parabolas. If is a

positive number then the parabola opens upward and if is a negative
number then the parabola opens downward.
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Types of Functions
C. QUADRATIC FUNCTION

Types of Functions
D. POWER FUNCTION
The power is a positive integer

Types of Functions
D. POWER FUNCTION
The power is a negative integer

Types of Functions
D. POWER FUNCTION
The power is a fraction

between 0 and 1

Types of Functions
E. POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
A function in the form of
Where are constants. Only whole number powers of are allowed. The
highest power of that occurs is called the degree of the polynomial.
The degree gives the maximum number of “ups and downs” that the
polynomial can have and the maximum number of crossings of the x-
axis that it can have. Polynomials are useful for generating smooth
curves in computer graphics applications and for approximating other
types of functions.
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Types of Functions
E. POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

Types of Functions
I. PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTION
Most of the functions that we have discussed so far are functions
defined by polynomials. Sometimes the need arises to define functions
in terms of pieces. For example, most taxi companies charge a flag
down rate and additional rate per kilometer ride. For instance, taxi in
the Philippines charges 40 pesos for the flag down rate and additional
13.50 pesos per kilometer until you arrive at your destination, we
would define this function in pieces. If we let be the number of
kilometers of your ride, then the fare is defined as
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Types of Functions
I. PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTION
If we graph the function, we will

see that there is 1 kilometer that is
constant and after that the
function continually increases.

Types of Functions
J. ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION
Another piecewise-defined function is the absolute function. The
absolute value function can be thought of as two pieces:
the line (when is negative) and the line (when is positive).
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Types of Functions
J. ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION

Types of Functions
K. GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION
The floor function (also known as the greatest integer function) R → Z
of a real number denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to .
In general, is the unique integer satisfying .
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Types of Functions
K. GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION
The graph of the floor function

(greatest integer function) is
discontinuous at every integer.

Domain and Range
The domain of a function is the complete set of possible values of the
independent variable (, usually). While, range of a function is the
complete set of all possible resulting values of the dependent variable
(, usually), after we have substituted the domain.
For domain, we exclude any values that lead to the function being
undefined (dividing by zero) or imaginary outputs (square root of a
negative real number).
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Domain and Range
Example:
Determine the domain and range of the given function:
Solution:
There are no denominators (so no division-by-zero problems) and no
radicals (so no square-root-of-a-negative-number problem). There are no
problems with the polynomial. There are no values that we can not
substitute to . When we have a polynomial, the answer for the domain is
always: “the domain is all x”.
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Domain and Range
The range will vary from
polynomial to polynomial, and it
probably won’t even ask for, but
when it does, we look at the graph
of the given function:
The graph goes only as high as

, but it will go as low as we like.
Therefore, “the range is all ”.

Operations of Functions
If and are functions with domains and , then we define the following:
a. The sum Domain:

b. The Difference Domain:
c. The Product Domain:
d. The Quotient Domain: ,
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Example:
1. Let and . Solve the following operations and find the domain of the
resulting functions:
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Example:
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Example:
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Example:
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Example:
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Composition of Functions is another way in which functions can be
combined. This method of combining functions uses the output of one
function as the input for a second function.
Definition of the Composition of Two Functions

Let and be two functions such that is in the domain of for all in
the domain of . Then the composition of the two functions, denoted
by , is the function whose value at is given by .
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Example: (Composition of Functions)
Consider the functions and .
Find
a.
b.
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Solution:
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Solution:
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Solution:
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Evaluation of Functions
To evaluate a function, replace the independent variable with a number
in the domain of the function and then simplify the resulting numerical
expression.
Examples:
Let and evaluate the following:
1.
2.
3.
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Evaluation of Functions
Solutions:
1.
3.
Answer:
2. Answer:
Answer:
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Applications of Functions
Functions that are used in applications often have restrictions on the
domain due to physical constraints. For example, the volume of a cube
is given by the function , where is the length of the sides. The function
has no restrictions on x, and therefore the domain is the set of all real
numbers. However, the volume of any cube has the restriction that the
length of a side can never be negative or zero.
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Example:
1. Price of Gasoline
Following the capture of Saddam Hussein in Iraq in 2003, gas prices in the United
States escalated and then finally returned to their pre-capture prices. Over a 6-
month period, the average price of a gallon of 87-octane gasoline was given by the
function , where is the cost function and represents the number of months after
the capture.
a. Determine the domain of the cost function.
b. What was the average price of gasoline per gallon 3 months after the capture?
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Solution:
a. Since the cost function modeled the price of gasoline only for 6 months after the
capture, the domain is
.
b.
Answer: The average price per gallon 3 months after the capture was 2.15 USD.
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Example:
2. The Dimension of a Pool
Express the volume of a rectangular swimming pool as a function of its

depth.
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Solution:
The volume of any rectangular box is , where is the volume, is the
length, is the width, and is the height. In this example, the length is ,
the width is , and the height represents the depth of the pool.
Answer:
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MATH01

 To factor the difference of two squares, write the product

 To factor a perfect square trinomial, get the square roots of the

A trinomial of the form is not a perfect square trinomial that

In factoring trinomials of this type, the cross product (OI terms

When a polynomial consists of four or more terms and not one of

c. Domain = Set of all items for sale in a convenience store; Range=Price

If is an element of the domain of , then , which is read as “” or “the value

Young, C. Y. (2017). Algebra and Trigonometry, Enhanced

where and are constants. is the slope and is the y-intercept. A

Young, C. Y. (2017). Algebra and Trigonometry, Enhanced

where a, b and c are constants. Their graph are called parabolas. If is a

Young, C. Y. (2017). Algebra and Trigonometry, Enhanced

The power is a positive integer

Young, C. Y. (2017). Algebra and Trigonometry, Enhanced

The power is a negative integer

Young, C. Y. (2017). Algebra and Trigonometry, Enhanced

The power is a fraction

Young, C. Y. (2017). Algebra and Trigonometry, Enhanced

Young, C. Y. (2017). Algebra and Trigonometry, Enhanced

If we graph the function, we will

Young, C. Y. (2017). Algebra and Trigonometry, Enhanced

Young, C. Y. (2017). Algebra and Trigonometry, Enhanced

In general, is the unique integer satisfying .

The graph of the floor function

Young, C. Y. (2017). Algebra and Trigonometry, Enhanced

The graph goes only as high as

Young, C. Y. (2017). Algebra and Trigonometry, Enhanced

a. The sum Domain:

Definition of the Composition of Two Functions

Consider the functions and .

Express the volume of a rectangular swimming pool as a function of its

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