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At the end of the lesson you should be able to:

1. Explain the charging of objects
2. Describe the forces that electric charges exerts of each
other
3. Explain charging by induction
4. Define an electric field
5. Describe ONE hazard and ONE useful application of static
electricity
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How do you charge an object?

There are three ways to charge an object:

1. Charge by Friction
2. Charge by Contact
3. Charge by Induction
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Charging Objects
• Most objects start out electrically neutral, but by
CHARGING an object you create an imbalance in the number
of electrons and protons; the object is then charged and is
either positive or negative.
• You can charge an object through:
• Friction – the transfer of electrons from one object to the other
• Contact – by having two objects TOUCH each other and transfer
electrons from one object to the next.
• Induction – By inducing electrons to move from one object to the
other.
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Charging by Friction

When two neutral objects are rubbed against each other, one
object may pull electrons away from the other creating one
positive object and one negative object.
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Electrostatic Series:
 All objects begin neutral & can become
positively or negatively charged

 A positively charged object has more

protons than electrons

 A negatively charged object has more

electrons than protons
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Charging by Contact
An object can be charged by touching it with another object
that already has a charge. The resulting object will then have
the same charge but weaker in strength than the original
object.
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Charging by Contact
• This image shows how a positive charged object alters the charge on
the globe via conduction.
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Charging by Contact
• This image shows how a negative charged object alters the charge
on the globe via conduction
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Charging by Induction
• Objects do not touch (one is charged, one is neutral)
• Proximity of the charged object causes (induces) the
charges in the neutral object to separate.
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Charging by Induction
• This image shows how a negative charged object alters the charge
on the globe via induction.
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Charging by Induction
• This image shows how a positive charged object alters the charge
on the globe via induction.
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Electric Force
The force between the
charged objects is an
electric force.

The size of the electric force depends on 2 things:

1. The amount of charge (the greater the charge, the
greater the force)
2. The distance between charges (the further the
distance, the less the force)
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Electric Field
• An electric field is the region around a charged
object where electric forces can be exerted on
another charged object.
(Repelled or attracted)
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Charged Objects
• Atoms do not have a charge because the number of
electrons and protons cancel each other out.
Ex.
3 protons (+) & 3 electrons (-) = 0
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Charged Objects
How do objects get charged?
• They either gain or lose electrons.
• Why not protons?
Ex.
3 protons (+) & 5 electrons (-) =

7 protons (+) & 2 electrons (-) =

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Conductors and
Insulators •
An electrical conductor is a material
in which charges can move easily.

• Most metals are good conductors

because some of their electrons are
free to move.

• Conductors are used to make wires.

For example, a lamp cord has metal
wire and metal prongs.
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Conductors and
Insulators • An electrical insulator is a material in which charges
cannot move easily.

• Insulators do not conduct charges very well

because their electrons cannot flow freely.
The electrons are tightly held in the atoms of
the insulator.

• The insulating material in a lamp cord stops

charges from leaving the wire and protects you
from electric shock.

• Plastic, rubber, glass, wood, and air are good insulators.

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USES OF
ELECTROSTATICS
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Hazard of Static Electricity

Lightning

 During a storm, clouds become highly charged with electricity.

• The ground is hen at a much lower potential than the clouds and the
charges are released to the ground.
• This phenomenon is known as lightning.
• Dangerous amounts of electrical charges can be build up, for example
at the pumps in petrol stations and also in some electrical appliances
in the home.
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• Two types of charges – positive (+) & negative

(-)
• “Opposites Attract”
• “Like Repel”
• Only negative charges move
• Three methods to charge an object: friction,
conduction, induction. These three methods are
what cause static electricity.
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