Components of Scientific

Investigation
 CHOOSE A IF YOU AGREE OR D IF YOU DIS
AGREE WITH STATESMENT.

• A good scientific question must be

testable, which means it can be
answered by conducting an experiment.
• If the hypothesis is proven wrong after
the experiment, then the experiment is
waste of time.
 CHOOSE A IF YOU AGREE OR D IF YOU DIS
AGREE WITH STATESMENT.

• Scientist may repeat the experiment to

confirm the results or test another variable
• Results of the experiment may not be
shared to avoid plagiarism.
• Scientist may follow the steps of the
Scientific method strictly.
 Brief Introduction

The scientific investigation is a systematic

process of collecting and analyzing
information to gain scientific knowledge. It
produces evidence that helps answer
questions and problems.
 A. Steps of Scientific Investigation

• Investigation is important in any field of

science. It is used by the scientists to do
research in order to find a solution or
answer to a problem. Steps to follow in the
scientific investigation include asking
question or problem, gathering data,
forming a hypothesis, conduct an
experiment, gathering and analyzing
evidence to support the hypothesis and
making conclusion.
Study the figure below on how to follow the
steps of scientific investigation This diagram
shows the steps of a scientific investigation:
 Ask Question
• The first step of the scientific method
involves asking a question or defining a
problem.
• a problem is a question that you want to
solve or the things you want to discover.
 Based on the picture what is the
possible question you can ask?

Question: Why the tomato plant located where there is

sunlight have more fruits than the tomato plant located
on a place where there is little amount of sunlight?
 Do a Background
Get all information as much as you can.
Example: ( fruits produced) factors affect on the number
of fruits in tomato plant will produced are soil, amount of
water, amount of sunlight, soil type, type of fertilizers and
etc.

Suppose among these factors you

want to investigate the amount of
sunlight would make produced
more fruits.
 Formulate Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a possible explanation for
the problem- an educated guess.

It is ussually stated in an IF…then…

because…. sentence.
 Formulate Hypothesis
IF …. State what variable will be changed. This is
the manipulated (independent )variable
THEN….. States what will happen because of the
change dependent variable) descibed in the IF…
statement. This is the responding
(dependent)variable.
BECAUSE…. States how you know this will
occur.
 Formulate Hypothesis
Let’s try to formulate hypothesis.
hypothesis: IF Tomato is placed in an area where there is
enough sunlight, then it will produce more fruits.
MANIPULATED VARIABLE
: AMOUNT OF SUNLIGHT

RESPONDING VARIABLE:
IT WILL PRODUCE MORE
FRUITS.
 Conduct an Experiment/Test the Hypothesis

Perform an experiment to accept or

reject the hypothesis.
experiment contains:

VARIABLES
Variables are changing the qualities or
characteristics of an object.
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE CONTROLLED VARIABLE
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
A variable that is altered during an experiment; can be
manipulated, and its value does not depend or get affected by
any variable in the experiment; also known as a manipulated
variable.
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
A variable being tested or measured during an experiment;
usually affected by the change because of the independent
variable; also known as the responding variable.

CONTROLLED VARIABLES
A variable that is kept the same during an experiment so that
it cannot affect the result of the experiment.
EXAMPLE:

hypothesis: If Tomato is placed in an area where there is

enough sunlight, then it will produce more fruits.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE :
AMOUNT OF SUNLIGHT
DEPENDENT VARIABLE:
NUMBER OF FRUITS THAT TOMATO PLANT
WILL PRODUCE
CONTROLLED VARIABLE :
AMOUNT OF WATER, TYPE OF SOIL TYPE OF
PLANT, AND SIZE OF THE POT

NOTE: The experiment should be repeated several times to make sure that
the first result is not just an accident.
 Analyzing data
When doing an experiment, record observations
and present them in a clear format. The data can
be presented in tables and graphs.

Data- are the information that you gathered in your

experiment.
 Drawing Conclusion

it is the summaryof the result you gathered in your

experiment.

Analyze the data to draw a rational conclusion. If

the hypothesis is true, then the problem is solved.
Otherwise, formulate and test other
hypotheses.
 Drawing Conclusion
example:
CONCLUSION: Plant such
as tomato plants that are
placed in an area with
enough amount of sunlight
produce more fruits than
those plants placed in less
of sunlight.

hypothesis: If Tomato is placed in an area where there is

enough sunlight, then it will produce more fruits.
 Communicate result

informing others about the result of the

experiment.
The scientific method is composed of the
following steps:
ASK QUESTION
DO A BACKGROUND
FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS
CONDUCT AN EXPERIMENT
COLLECT AND ANALYZE DATA
DRAW CONCLUSION
COMMUNICATE RESULT

In gathering Information you need to OBSERVE

 OBSERVATIONS

Is a science process skill use in gathering

information about objects and events.

Observations are statements of what you

see, taste, smell, hear and feel
 Qualitative and Quantitative
Observations
• An observation is the process of using the
senses or measurement to determine the
properties of an object or event. Observation
can be qualitative or quantitative. Below is
the difference between the two types of
observation.
 B. Qualitative and Quantitative Observations
Qualitative Observations
Use your senses (smell, taste,
touch, hearing, & sight) to
observe the results. It is a
description of what an object
looks like. Examples are color,
odor, taste and texture.
Sugar is sweet.
Quantitative Observations
Usually involve numbers and
use measurement tools. It
describes the numerical value
of an object like mass,
volume, density, temperature,
freezing point
(0oC) & boiling point (100oC)
of water
There is one kg of
sugar.
 Another Examples
Qualitative Observations Quantitative Observations

THE LEAF IS GREEN IN COLOR

ONE LEAF IS 7 CM. LONG

A BUNCH OF BEATIFUL, 5 MARBLES OF 1.5 CM

ROUND AND SMOOTH GLASS DIAMETER EACH
MARBLES
 Another Examples
Qualitative Observations Quantitative Observations

the hamburger is hot the hamburger is hot 40

degree celcius

the sidewalk is long

the sidewalk is 100 meters
long
 Another Examples
Qualitative Observations Quantitative Observations

The building has 25 stories

The building is taller than trees

The George taller than Mike George is 3 inches taller

than Mike
 try this!
1. The race was over in 10 minutes
QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATION

2. 45% of workers earn above minimum wage

QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATION

3. Ashia Emily is taller than Phillip Sheen

QUALITATIVE OBSERVATION
4. The temperature increased 4 degrees in 1 hour
QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATION
5.Sprinters run faster than distance runners
QUALITATIVE OBSERVATION
 Most of the time however, you think you are observing
when in fact you are inferring. While observation is actually
seeing, smelling, hearing, tasting and touching,
INFERRING is making interpretations based on your past
observations or experiences. You call this an inference
1. The plant has roots. OBSERVATION

2. The plant uses water. INFERENCE

3. The plant has stems. OBSERVATION

4. The plant has flowers. OBSERVATION

5. The plant grew from INFERENCE

a seed.
TRY THIS!
1. The hippopotamus will run into the INFERENCE
water to escape
2. The ground where Jimin is walking is wet OBSERVATION

3. There are plants growing in the water OBSERVATION

4. The sea lion is going into the water to INFERENCE

eat some fish
OBSERVATION
5. The climate is warm
THANK YOU!