Radio Communication Course

Prof. Amer Zreg

Lec 7 Digital Microwave Radio Links Part #II
By: Idris Enbis
According to Text Book by Roger Freeman
(Radio System Design fo Telecommunication)

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 Out lines
1- Some System Impairments Peculiar To Digital Operation

2- Mitigation Techniques for Multipath Fading

3- ITU-R Guidelines on Combating Propagation Effects

4- Performance Requirements And Objectives For Digital Radio Link

5- Five Definitions

6- Hypothetical Reference Digital Path (HRDP) for Radio-Relay

Systems with a Capacity Above the Second Hierarchical Level

7- Error Performance Objectives for Real Digital Radiolinks Forming Part of a High-Grade Circuit in an ISDN Network.

8- Error Performance Objectives of a 27,500-km Hypothetical

Reference Path

9- Jitter and Wander.

10- Error Performance from a Telcordia Perspective

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 1- Some System Impairments Peculiar
To Digital Operation

 The digital communication is more efficiently using the channel

Bandwidth but also that is limited by some challenges as:
1-BER will increase as bit rate increased due to Rx system limitations,
and hence will arise the needs for increasing energy per bit Eb.
2- Channel noise (AWGN) will affect the Rx correct bit detection.
3- Co-channel and adjacent channel interferences will also affect the
performance
4- Beside Multi-Path fading will be added to the etiologies that will affect
system performance.

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 2-Mitigation Techniques for Multipath Fading

1- System configuration adjusting antenna height or space/frequency

diversity.

2- optimal IF combiner ,,(adjust adaptively to path conditions )

maximum power IF combiner

minimum distortion IF combiner

dual algorithm combiner

3 - Adaptive IF equalizers (compensate directly at IF for multipath
passband distortion

4 - adaptive transversal equalizer (uses a cascade of baud delay sections) 4

 3-ITU-R Guidelines on Combating Propagation Effects

There are three principal degradations that can cause deteriorated

performance or system outages on digital radio systems: interference,
thermal noise, and waveform distortion which caused mainly by Linear
Amplitude Distortion, and to minimize :
Space Diversity : The improvement derived from space diversity depends
on how the two signals are processed at the receiver (combiner) as ‘‘hitless’’
switching and variable phase combining

Adaptive Channel Equalizing: FREQUENCY DOMAIN

EQUALIZATION and TIME DOMAIN EQUALIZATION

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 4-Performance Requirements And Objectives
For Digital Radiolink
performance of digital radio link is governed by some measurable parameters
summarized in these Five Definitions

1- Bit Error Ratio or Rate (BER) , is the number of errored bits received to
the number of bits received over a given time interval.
2- Residual Bit Error Ratio or Rate (RBER) it is the bit error ratio in the
absence of fading.
3- Errored Second (ES) is a one second period with one or more bits in error
or at least one defect.
4- Severely Errored Second (SES),, A one-second period which has a bit error
ratio ≥ 1 × 10ˉ³ or at least 1 defect.
5- Degraded Minute ( DM ) The time intervals of m seconds, 60 of them being
not severely errored seconds but for which the error ratio is greater than a
specified value.

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 5-Hypothetical Reference Digital Path (HRDP) for Radio-Relay
Systems with a Capacity Above the Second Hierarchical Level
To define error performance, a hypothetical reference digital path is often
used to apportion error accumulation.The capacity is above E3

The path is 2500 km long and comprises, in each direction, nine sets of digital
multiplexing equipment at the ITU-T recommended hierarchical levels.
The HRDP contains nine identical digital radio sections of equal length,
as shown above.

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 6-Error Performance Objectives for Real Digital Radiolinks
Forming Part of a High-Grade Circuit in an ISDN Network
When designing digital radiolinks in a high-grade circuit forming part of an
ISDN, the following error performance should be incorporated in the
requirements section of a RFP (Request For Proposal) for a link of length L,
between 280 and 2500 km:
A. BER > 1 × 10ˉ³ for no more than (L/2500) × 0.054% of any month.
Integration time shall be 1 second.
B. BER > 1 × 10ˉ⁶ for more than (2500) × 0.4% of any month Integration time
shall be 1 minute.
C. Errored seconds for no more than (2500) × .0.32% of any month.
D. RBER (residual BER) is given as: RBER ≤ ( L × 5 × 10ˉ⁹ ) /2500.
The BER performance criteria are to be complied with at the system bit rate.
The ES criterion should be complied with at the 64-kbps level.
 7-Error Performance Objectives of a 27,500-km Hypothetical
Reference Path.
The ITU-R organization recommends that LOS microwave paths forming part
of the international portion of a 27,500-km Hypothetical Reference Path ŽHRP.
should be based on both distance-based and country-based allocations as
specified in ITU-T related documents.
 8-Jitter and Wander

Jitter and wander are equipment-related impairments and thus guidance may
be taken from applicable ITU-T recommendations.
According to ITU-T TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION
SECTOR O.172/4.2004, the definitions of Jitter and Wander are as follow:
Jitter: The short-term variations of the significant instances of a digital signal
from their ideal positions in time (where "short-term" implies that these
variations are of frequency greater than or equal to 10 Hz).

wander: The long-term variations of the significant instances of a digital signal

from their ideal position in time (where "long-term" implies that these
variations are of frequency less than 10 Hz).
 9-Error Performance from a Telcordia Perspective

Telecordia

American telecommunication research and development company

bought and acquired by Ericsson in 2012.it was folded into Ericsson’s
Multimedia unit, now called Support Solutions
The requirements given below are for all one-way system options and apply at
the maximum short-haul design length. For the requirements given below, a
measurement period consists of a series of 1-second intervals.
1- The BER at the interface levels DSX-1, DSX-1C, DSX-2, and DSX-3 shall be less
than 2 x 10-10, excluding all burst errored seconds in the measurement
period. During a burst errored second, neither the number of bit errors nor
number of bits is counted.
 Cont..9

2. The frequency of burst errored seconds, other than those caused by protection
switching induced by hard equipment failures, shall average no more than four
per day at each of the interface levels DSX-1, DSX-1C, DSX-2, and DSX-3 This is a
long-term average over many days. Due to day-to-day variation, the number of
burst errored seconds occurring on a particular day may be greater than the
average.
3- For systems interfacing at the DS1 level, the long-term percentage of errored
seconds (measured at the DS1 rate) shall not exceed 0.04%. This is equivalent to
99.96% error-free seconds
 References
1- Radio System Design For Telecommunications Third Edition
2- https://assets.ctfassets.net/
3- https://www.ericsson.com/
4- https://www.fishercom.xyz/network-management