POWER GENERATION AND

PLANT OPERATION

INTRODUCTION
 COURSE OUTLINE

Introduction to Power System

Generation ,Transmission ,Distribution overview
Prediction of load
Types of load
Load forecasting
Conventional and non conventional resources of energy
Steam Power Plant
Boilers, Types of Boiler
According to Flow
Boiler performance
Efficiency of Boiler
 COURSE OUTLINE

Gas Turbine Power Plant

Operation and control of Gas Turbine
Combined cycle Power Plant
Diesel Electric Power Plant
Hydro Electric Power Plant
Working Principle of Hydro Electric Power Plant
Types of Hydro Electric Power Plant
Turbine Characteristics
Nuclear Power Plant
Nuclear Reactor
Operating mechanism Of Nuclear Power Plant
 COURSE OUTLINE
 Combination of generation considering the economic dispatch
 Economic Dispatch and Unit Commitment
 Renewable energy
 Resources of Renewable energy
 Brief description of Renewable energy resources i.e Wind
Energy
 Solar energy
 Biomas energy
 Geothermal
 Tidal energy
 Ocean energy
 04Quizzes and 04 Assignments
 TEXT BOOK

 Elements of electrical power station design”

by M. V. DeshPanday

 Electric Power Generation by Muhammad

Naeem Arbab
 Power System
Main parts of power system

 Generation :

 Transmission :

 Distribution :
 Generation
 Power station is a factory

 Converts one form of energy to electrical

energy

 Three phase AC system is almost universal

 Main advantage of AC is to easily step up and

step down the voltage
 Transmission

 High voltage transmission is the second

important part of power system
 Large bulk of power transmission over a long
distance
 For transmission , the best thing to see is :

Transmission efficiency , regulation and

economy.
 DISTRIBUTION

 The energy supplied to consumer on low

voltage level.

 Feeders are conductors which carry power

from transmission substation to various
distribution substation.

 Feeders are not tapped for direct power

consumption.
 Design Aspects of Power Systems
 What are the various types of load?
 How to select the type of power station ?

 How much power is to be obtained in the

power station ?

 How can load be shared economically between

various power stations in power system ?
 How to choose the capacity of transformers
and location of substations ?

 How to determine the voltage and size of

transmission ?
 DEFINITIONS AND TERMS
 Demand factor :
Ratio of maximum demand to connected load

 Load factor :
Ratio of average load to maximum load
OR
ratio of energy consumed during a given period to the energy
used if the maximum demand maintained throughout the period.
Diversity Factor:
Sum of individual Max demand to Max Demand on power
station.
 PROBLEM
 A residential consumer has 10 lamps of 4o
watts each connected at its premises , his
demand is as follows ;
From 12 midnight to 5am = 40 W
From 5am to 6pm = no load
From 6pm to 7pm = 320 W
From 7pm to 9pm = 360 W
From 9pm to 12 midnight = 160 W
 Plot Load curve.

 Find average load.

 Find maximum load.

 Find Load factor.

 Find electric energy consumed during the day.

 Find demand factor.

 Types of loads
 Residential load :

 Consists of lights,fans,heaters , refrigerators , air

conditions.

 Load varies time to time

 If load curve plotted , generally load factor is very

low it may be 10% - 12%
 COMMERCIAL LOAD

 Mainly lightening of shops , advertisements etc

 Same load like residential but at larger scale

 Spread more hours of the day

 Load factor may be 25% - 30%

 Not as large as industrial load

 INDUSTRIAL LOAD

It is subdivided into sections depending on power range.

 SMALL SCALE : takes upto 25kW

 MEDIUM SCALE : takes load upto 25kW – 100kW
 LARGE SCALE : takes 100 – 500 kW
 HEAVY INDUSTRIES : require more than 500kW
demand factor = 85-90 %
L.F 70-80%
 CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, TEXTILE MILLS , LARGE
SCALE MANUFACTURING .
 GOVERNMENT LOAD

 Classified as a separate type

 Special working conditions

 Example : Defiance factories

 MUNICIPAL LOAD

 Most common lighting load

load depends on authorities

 Practically load remains constant during dark hours

 Demand factor = 100%

Load factor on 24h basis = 20 – 25%
 Second municipal load is water supply and drainage

 system, mostly used in off peak hours .

 IRRIGATION LOAD

 Type of load for supplying water for fields , by

means of suitable time and season .

 MINING LOAD

 Mining load major at day time

 Traction load
 Large metropolitan electric traction is important load

 Tramcar has 4 motor normally 40kW each

 Trollybus needs 75 - -100kW

 Suburban train 100 – 125kW of 4 motors

 Some passenger trains also used electric

 Bulk supply to distributing licence

`
 Load requirement is studied and determined in
individual cases

 Instead of generating its own power

 It takes power from large power company

 Load forecasting

 Essential part of power project design

 Load requirment of particular area or region

 Forecast based on

 1- past development of power requirement of region

 2- application received from various prospective consumers

 3- trends in the development of industries and other potential or

development of load
Two main methods of load forecastring
 STATISTICAL METHOD :

1- study of data collected from past records

2-Load demand curve variation

3- Mainly annaul increase is 7 - 8 %

 FIELD SURVEY METHOD

 After visiting the area load is forecasting takes

place

 After seeking information of agriculture

commercial and industrial development

 The person investigating this method should be

a good sales engineer
 In typical survey of growth of power load , a
number of factors need carefully analysis

 General geographical region and the

subdivisions of the region where power is to be
sold

 Topography and climate of the region

 Population distribution

 Availability of labour

 Natural resources
agriculture timber minerals and raw material
for manufacturing industries

Economic activities
 Income per person
 Use of electric power and energy , the existing
use and existing rate of consumption of
electrical energy

 Relative cost electric and other form of energy

availabale in region
 The distribution losses varies from 10 – 15%

 After prediction of load , the next problem is to

determine the type of generation

 Which type of generating plant is easily

feasible and suitable condition.
 TYPES OF LOAD FORECASTING
 REAL TIME/CRITICAL SHORT TERM
Minutes to Hours
 SHORT TERM LOAD FORECASTING
Hours to Days
 MEDIUM TERM LOAD FORECASTING
Days to Months
 LONG TERM LOAD FORECASTING
Months to Years