Issues

1. Introduction to Grammar

2. Morphemes and Words

3. Ways of word formation

4. Parts of speech

5. Parts of a sentence

6. Types of phrases, clauses, sentences

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1 Introduction to Grammar

Grammar

In global sense

In narrow sense
Grammar
In global sense

• equals competence, a body of knowledge that a

native speaker has about his/her language which
enables him/her to speak and understand it.

In narrow sense
• includes word and sentence structure rules,
pronunciation rules, meaning of words/ sentences,
and discourse organization rules.
 • refers only to the information of the
word and sentence structures.
Grammar • consists of morphology, the study of
words and word formation, and syntax,
the study of phrases, clauses, and
sentences.

In narrow sense
 Morphemes and Words

discourse

sentence

phrase

word

morpheme
 discourse ????

sentence ???????????

I actually felt tired

of sitting doing
phrase ??????????
nothing. And I hated
enjoying the
unemployment word ?????
benefit. I found ?????
myself useless. Then
I decided to look or a
job. morpheme
 discourse I found myself useless.

sentence the unemployment benefit

I actually felt tired

of sitting doing
phrase tired, job,
nothing. And I hated
myself
enjoying the
unemployment word use,
benefit. I found -less,
myself useless. Then
I decided to look or a
job. morpheme
 Parts of speech
Closed Open
system class
 Parts of speech

Closed Open class

• comprises functional
system
words such as articles,
demonstratives, pronouns
prepositions, conjunctions,
and interjections
 Parts of speech

Closed Open class

Features:
system
• unextendable number of members
• reciprocally exclusive
• reciprocally defining
• unstressed in spoken language
 Parts of speech

Closed system Open class

• comprises ???????????
 Parts of speech

Closed system Open class

• comprises notional/

lexical words such as

nouns, verbs, adjectives,

and adverbs
 Parts of speech

Closed system
Features: Open class
• extendable number of members
• combinability
• having certain syntactic functions
• stressed words in spoken language
 Parts of speech

Closed system
Features:??????????????????? Open class
 Parts of a sentence
Parts of a sentence

Subject Predicate Operator

E.g. Her parents visit her sick uncle everyday.

 Parts of a sentence

Subject Predicate Operator

What is being discussed – theme.

E.g. Her parents visit her sick uncle everyday.
 Parts of a sentence

Subject Predicate Operator

What is being said about the subject – rheme.

E.g. Her parents visit her sick uncle everyday.

 Parts of speech

helps to change aPredicate

Subject
What sentence into: Operator
E.g. Her parents visit her sick uncle
everyday.
- interrogative: ????????
- negative: ????????
- emphatic: ????????
 Parts of speech

helps to change aPredicate

Subject
What sentence into: Operator
- interrogative
E.g. Do her parents visit her everyday?
- negative
E.g. Her parents do not visit her everyday.
- emphatic
E.g.: Her parents do visit her everyday.
 Parts of a sentence

Predicate
Subject
Operator
• include BE & HAVE
E.g. I am a student and I have a part
time job. Lexical verbs
• include BE & HAVE
Primary
E.g. I am cooking. Auxiliaries
• include WILL, Modal
SHALL, SHOULD,
CAN, MIGHT, etc.
E.g. I can cook.
 Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements
?
?
?
?
?
 Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements
Subject
Verb
Object
Complement
Adverbial
Sentence elements
+ Cs (1)

Subject Intensive
+ A (obli)
(2)
Verb
intransitive
Object (3) mono-transitive
(4)
Extensive

Complement transitive di-transitive (5)

complex-transitive
Adverbial (6,7)
Sentence elements He is lovely. 1.
SVCs intensive

He is out of 2.
Subject the office. SVA
(obli)
He is crying. 3.
Verb SV intransitie
extensive
He broke the 4.
Object vase. SVO

He sent me 5.
Complement an e-mail. SVOO
transitive
He found the 6.
play boring. SVOCo
Adverbial
He put the 7.
vase on the SVOA
table. (obli)
Sentence elements

Subject Stative Not progressive form

Verb
E.g. ???????????????

Object
Dynamic Progressive form
Complement
E.g. ??????????????
Adverbial
Sentence elements

Subject Stative Not progressive form

Verb
E.g. The food tasted very good.

Object
Dynamic Progressive form
Complement
E.g. She is tasting the food
Adverbial
he’s cooked.
Sentence elements

Subject

Verb
?????
Object
Complement ?????

Adverbial
E.g. ??????????
Sentence elements

Subject

Verb
direct (Od)
Object
Complement indirect (Oi)

Adverbial
E.g. He sent me (Oi) a

postcard (Od).
Sentence elements

Subject E.g. ???????????

Verb

Object
??????????
Complement
??????????
Adverbial
Sentence elements

Subject E.g.: His brother who is a

teacher considers me his
Verb best friend.

Object
Subject Complement (Cs)
Complement
Object Complement (Co)
Adverbial
Sentence elements

Subject E.g.: His brother who is a

teacher (Cs) considers
Verb me his best friend (Co).

Object
Subject Complement (Cs)
Complement
Object Complement (Co)
Adverbial
Sentence elements

Subject E.g.
a. He goes fishing on
Verb Tuesday. (A???)
b. His birthday is on
Object
Tuesday. (A ???)
Complement
?????
Adverbial
?????
Sentence elements

Subject E.g.
a. He goes fishing on
Verb Tuesday. (Aopt)
b. His birthday is on
Object
Tuesday. (A obli)
Complement
optional
Adverbial
obligatory
 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences

Syntax
Phrase Clause Sentence
 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences
Syntax

Phrase Clause Sentence

Noun phrase E.g. ??????????

Verb phrase E.g. ??????????

Adjective phrase E.g. ??????????

Adverb phrase E.g. ??????????

Prepositional E.g. ??????????

phrase
 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences
Syntax

Phrase Clause Sentence

Noun phrase E.g. All these books are mine.

Verb phrase E.g. John has been looking for Jane.

Adjective phrase E.g. Tom is a very interesting man.

Adverb phrase E.g. He ran quite fast.

Prepositional E.g. He’s lecturing on the new

phrase technology.
 Example

My elder brother hardly

ever visits my mother
even though she is
terribly ill in hospital.
 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences
Syntax

Phrase Clause Sentence

In terms of In terms of In terms of

Clause’s functions of kinds of verb
elements & the clause phrases
verb patterns
 Syntax

Phrase Clause Sentence

• SVA: John is at home

In terms of In terms John
• SVCs: of is a doctor.
In terms of
Clause’s functions of the kinds of verb
• SVO: John has cured many patients.
elements & clause phrases
verb patterns • SVOO: He gave me a pencil.
• SVOA: He put the pen in the box.
• SVOCo: He calls his patients big fish.
• SV: He’s going out
 Syntax

Phrase Clause Sentence

In terms of In terms of In terms of

Clause’s functions of the kinds of verb
elements & verb clause phrases
patterns
• Finite clause
E.g. He took her out of the blue.
• Non-finite clause
E.g. Coming to the town, he visited his parents.
• Verbless clause
E.g. If possible, come to see us.
 Syntax

Phrase Clause Sentence

In terms of In terms of In terms of

Clause’s functions of the kinds of verb
elements & verb clause phrases
patterns
• Subordinate
• Superordinate
E.g.: She said that you hit her first.
subordinate
superordinate
 Syntax

Phrase Clause Sentence

?
?

?
 Syntax

Phrase Clause Sentence

Simple
Compound

Complex

Complex
compound
 Syntax

Phrase Clause Sentence

E.g. ????? Simple

E.g. ????? Compound

Complex
E.g. ?????
Complex
E.g. ????? compound
 Syntax

Phrase Clause Sentence

E.g. All these books are mine. Simple

E.g. He was watching T.V and
Compound
she was cooking.
Complex
E.g. He didn’t want to talk to
whoever he met in the workshop. Complex
E.g. We won the game, but my compound
uniform was muddy because
it rained the entire time.
MORE ON COMPLEX COMPOUND SENTENCES