Chapter Three:- Fundamental

Parameters of Antennas

Prepared By:- Mulushewa Getachew

 3.1 introduction

3.2 Radiation Pattern

 B

Figure Radiation Pattern

 con’t
The energy radiated in a particular direction is measured in terms
of field strength or flux density at a point which is fixed radial
distance from the center of the antenna. The measurement must
be done in the Fraunhofer region.
Field pattern typically represents a plot of the magnitude of the
electric or magnetic field as a function of the angular space.
Power pattern typically represents a plot of the square of the
magnitude of the electric or magnetic field as a function of the
angular space.
Power pattern (in dB) represents the magnitude of the electric or
magnetic field, in decibels, as a function of the angular space.

3.2.1 Radiation Pattern Lobes

 con’t

Fig. radiation pattern Lobes

 con’t
Direction of the main beam (θ max)
 A radiation lobe is a clear peak in the radiation intensity
surrounded by regions of weaker radiation intensity.
 Main beam is the biggest lobe in the radiation pattern of the
antenna .
 It is the radiation lobe in the direction of maximum radiation
 θ max is the direction in which maximum radiation occurs
 Any lobe other than the main lobe is called as minor lobe
 The radiation lobe opposite to the main lobe is also termed as back
lobe This will be more appropriate for polar plot of radiation
pattern
 A side lobe is “a radiation lobe in any direction other than the intended
lobe.” Usually a side lobe is adjacent to the main lobe
 A back lobe is “a radiation lobe whose axis makes an angle of
approximately with respect to the beam of an antenna.”
 Minor lobes usually represent radiation in undesired directions and
should be minimized. Side lobes are the largest minor lobes.
 con’t
Half power beam width (HPBW)

Beam width between first nulls (BWFN)

3.2.2 Isotropic, Directional, and Omnidirectional Patterns
 An isotropic radiator is defined as “a hypothetical lossless antenna
having equal radiation in all directions.” Although it is ideal and not
physically realizable, it is often taken as a reference for expressing
the directive properties of actual antennas.
 A directional antenna is one having the property of radiating or
receiving electromagnetic waves more effectively in some directions
than in others.
 An omnidirectional antenna is defined as one “having an
essentially non-directional pattern in a given plane and a directional
pattern in any orthogonal plane. An omnidirectional pattern is then a
special type of a directional pattern.
3.2.3 Principal patterns (or planes):
3.2.4 Field Regions
3.2.4 cont’d
3.2.4 Cont’d
3.2.5 Radian and Steradian
3.3 RADIATION POWER DENSITY
3.3 Cont’d
3.3 Cont’d
3.3 Cont’d
 3.4 RADIATION INTENSITY
 Radiation intensity in a given direction is defined as "the
power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle.“
 The radiation intensity is a far‐field parameter, and it can
be obtained by multiplying the radiation density by the
square of the distance.
3.4 Cont’d
3.4 Cont’d
 3.5 BEAM WIDTH

 Half-power beam width (HPBW): in a plane containing the

direction of the maximum of a beam, the angle between
the two directions in which the radiation intensity is one-
half value of the beam
 First-Null beam width (FNBW): angular separation
between the first nulls of the pattern.
3.5 Cont’d
3.5 Cont’d
3.5 Cont’d
Example 3.5
3.5 Cont’d
3.6 DIRECTIVITY
3.6 Cont’d
3.6 Cont’d

Example 3.6.1
3.6 Cont’d
3.6 Cont’d
3.7 ANTENNA EFFICIENCY
3.7 Cont’d
3.8 GAIN
3.8 Cont’d
3.8 Cont’d
 3.8 Cont’d
Example 3.8
3.8 Cont’d
3.8 Cont’d
3.9 BEAM EFFICIENCY
3.9 BEAM EFFICIENCY
3.10 BAND WIDTH
3.10 Cont’d
3.11 Input Impedance

Input Impedance
3.11 Cont’d
3.11 Cont’d
3.11 Cont’d
3.12 ANTENNA RADIATION EFFICIENCY
3.12 Cont’d
3.12 Cont’d
3.13 ANTENNA VECTOR EFFECTIVE LENGTH AND
EQUIVALENT AREA
3.13.1 ANTENNA EQUIVALENT AREA
3.13.1 ANTENNA EQUIVALENT AREA
3.13.1 ANTENNA EQUIVALENT AREA
3.13.1 ANTENNA EQUIVALENT AREA
3.13.2 Vector Effective Length
3.14 Effective area & Directivity
3.14 Effective area & Directivity
3.14 Effective area & Directivity
3.15 FRIIS TRANSMISSION EQUATION
3.15 FRIIS TRANSMISSION EQUATION