Mr.M.Ananda Boopathy, M.Tech.

,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Chemical Engineering
CH18701 – Transport Phenomena
 What are transport phenomena?

Fluid Heat Mass

dynamics transfer transfer
Involves the Concerned with
Deals with the
transport of the transport of
transport
momentum massTakes place
of energyOccurs in
Occurs in in operations
conduction and in
industrial such as
convection transfer
operations distillation,
of heat during
such as absorption,
evaporation and
mixing, chemical
drying
sedimentatio reactions, liquid–
n, fluid flow liquid extraction,
and filtration crystallization
and adsorption
T
P
 Why to study the three transport
phenomena ?
• They frequentlyoccur simultaneously in industrial,
biological, agricultural and meteorological problems
• The basic equations that describe the three transport phenomena are
closely related
• The mathematical tools needed for describing these phenomena are
very similar
• The molecular mechanisms underlying the various transport
phenomenon are very closely related

•All the materials are made up of molecules and the same molecular
motions and interactions are responsible for viscosity, thermal
conductivity
T and diffusion.
P
 So, the subject of transport phenomena should be studied together on account
of the following reasons:
• The mechanisms of these three transport phenomena
are closely related. Also, the governing mathematical
equations are similar in nature.
• By analogies, we can understand one transport
phenomenon from another.
•For example, we can understand
mass transfer or heat transfer
from momentum transfer.
T
P
Entity Being MOMENTUM ENERGY MASS
Transported/
Type of
Transport

TRANSPORT VISCOSITY µ THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY DAB

BY CONDUCTIVITY k
MOLECULAR Newton’s law of Fourier’s law of heat Fick’s law of diffusion
MOTION viscosity. conduction Temperature,
Temperature, Pressure, and
Temperature, Pressure & Pressure, and composition
composition dependence on DAB
Composition dependence dependence on k
on µ
Kinetic theory of µ Kinetic theory of k Kinetic theory of DAB

TRANSPORT SHELL MOMENTUM SHELL ENERGY SHELL MASS

in LAMINAR BALANCES BALANCES BALANCES
FLOW or in
SOLIDS, Velocity profiles Temperature profiles Concentration profiles
in ONE Average velocity Average temperature Average concentration
DIMENSION Momentum flux at Energy flux at surfaces Mass flux at surfaces
surfaces

Continue…
 Entity Being MOMENTUM ENERGY MASS
Transported
Type of
Transport

TRANSPORT EQUATION OF EQUATION OF CHANGE EQUATION OF CHANGE

in an CHANGE (Isothermal) (Non-isothermal) (Multi-component)
ARBITRARY
CONTINUUM Equation of continuity Equation of continuity
Equation of motion Equation of motion for Equation of continuity for
Equation of energy forced and free convection each species
Equation of energy Equation of motion for
forced and free convection
Equation of energy

TRANSPORT IN MOMENTUM ENERGY TRANSPORT MASS TRANSPORT

LAMINAR TRANSPORT
FLOW or in Unsteady heat conduction Unsteady diffusion
SOLIDS, Unsteady viscous flow Heat conduction in viscous Diffusion in viscous flow
WITH TWO Two-dimensional flow Two-dimensional diffusion
INDEPENDENT viscous flow Two-dimensional heat in solids
VARIABLES Boundary-layer conduction in solids Boundary-layer mass
momentum transport Boundary-layer energy transport
transport
Continue…
 Entity Being MOMENTUM ENERGY MASS
Transported
Type of
Transport
TRANSPORT IN TURBULENT TURBULENT ENERGY TURBULENT MASS
TURBULENT MOMENTUM TRANSPORT TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT
FLOW
Time-smoothing of Time-smoothing of Time-smoothing of equation
equation of change equation of change of change
Eddy viscosity Eddy thermal conductivity Eddy diffusivity

Turbulent velocity Turbulent temperature Turbulent concentration

profiles profiles profiles

TRANSPORT INTERPHASE INTERPHASE ENERGY INTERPHASE MASS

Between MOMENTUM TRASNPORT TRASNPORT
TRASNPORT
TWO PHASES
Heat-transfer coefficient h Mass transfer coefficient kx
Friction factor f
Dimensionless Dimensionless correlations
Dimensionless correlations (forced and (forced and free convection)
correlations free convection)

Continue…
 Basic Concepts Momentum Transfer

Fluid : A substance that does not permanently resist

distortion and hence it will change its shape
Molecules :
• Matter consists of a multitude of extremely
small particles called molecules,
• Divided into three different classes of
substances or states, i.e. solids, liquids and
gases.
• The behaviour or the movement of the
matter
T
P
can be studied at the
Molecula r level, i.e. microscopically or it can
 𝑑𝑣
𝑛
𝑟𝑖𝑔 𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑐𝑒
Rate =
𝑟𝑎
𝑒
𝑠𝑡𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑒

In momentum transfer, driving force is difference in velocity,

molecules move because of velocity
gradient

Unit for momentum :

Momentum = mass × velocity
= kg . m/s

Momentum flux = rate of momentum per unit area

𝑘𝑔 .𝑚/ 𝑠
=
𝑚 2 .𝑠
Similarly, the transfer of heat energy takes place because of
temperature gradient and mass
T
P
transfer takes place because of concentration gradient
Mechanism of Molecular Momentum Transfer
Newton’s Law of Viscosity (Molecular Momentum Transfer)
Condti.,
Note : Where “µ” is the proportionality constant ,
Not “n”
Example Problems
Problem No.1 Solution

Note : Not vx , that is

∆vx =0.4 m/s
Note:Not ‘n’ that is µ = 0.9142 cP
 Problem No.1 solution Condti.,

Thus the Shear Rate

Problem No.2
Molecular Fluxes in Cartesian Coordinates
CONVECTIVE MOMENTUM TRANSFER
 SHELL MOMENTUM BALANCES

Procedure is to be adopted for the Shell momentum Balance:

Condti.,
Condti.,
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
 One Dimensional Transport in Laminar Flow (Shell Balance)

Flow of Liquid Falling Film

Note :In assumption no. 2 desity ρ &

Viscosity µ & in Assumption no.6
δ≤ L and δ≤ W
Condti.,

Note : Xxz = τxz Actually τ xz is

2.2. & 2.3
Correct in equation
It is not Xxz . This is the
same where Xxz is comes

Note :In equation 2.4 that

Is not tx; the correct term is
WL ρx g
Condti.,
Condti.,

Note :X = δ is correct; not ‘d’

Condti.,
Condti.,
 Condti.,
From the velocity distribution(Vz), the other parameters can be easily calculated as follows :
 Condti.,
(c)Mass Flow Rate :
Condti.,
Problem No.1
Solution for Problem No.1
Condti.,
Problem No.2
Condt.,
Condti.,
Flow Through a Circular Tube (Gravity flow)

Note :In assumption no. 3 desity ρ &

Viscosity µ

V(θ)=0, not v(i)

Condti.,

(r + ∆r)
Note : Xrz = τrz Actually τ rz is Correct in
equation 2.23. & 2.24
It is not Xrz . This is the same
where Xxz is comes
Note :In equation 2.25 that
Is not tg; the correct term is 2∏r ∆rL ρ g

In equ 2.26 Dividing by

2∏L∆r taking the limit ∆r→0
Condti.,
Condt.,
 Condti,

So, if pressure drop acting on the liquid Between the points z= 0 ; P o and z = L; PL

Since P = p +ρgz (Berunoli’s equ)

So the equation 2.35 becomes

(from the text book method)

Evaluation of Parameters
Problem No: 3
Solution of Problem No.3
Condti.,
Condti.,
Condti.,
 UNIT-1
Rheological behaviour of fluids :

-- 20.3
Condti.,
Condti.,
Condti.,
Condti.,
Condti.,
Condt.,
Condt.,
Condti.,
Condti.,
Condti.,
Pressure and Temperature dependence on viscosity
Condti.,
Theory of Viscosity of gases at low density
Condti.,
Condti.,
Problem
Condti.,
Molecular Theory of Viscosity of Liquids
Condti.,
Problem
Solution
Condti.,
Condti.,
Problem
Laminar flow in a Narrow Slit
Velocity Profile & Momentum Flux

Note : Xxz = τxz Actually τ xz is Correct in

equation 2.42. & 2.43
(x+ ∆x) It is not Xxz . This is the same
where Xxz is comes

In equ 2.45 divide by WL∆x

Condti.,
Condt.,
Parameters
Condti.,
Flow through an Annulus
 Condti.,

Note : Xrz = τrz Actually τ xz is Correct in

(i.e P = p + ρg) equation 2.42. & 2.43
It is not Xrz . This is the same
where Xxz is comes

(r+ ∆r)
Condti.,,

In equ (2.60) 2∏r∆r (P0 -PL)

Note: r = λR is correct
Condti.,
Note: r = λR is correct
Not, r = mR
Condt.,
Condti.,
Parameters; Condt.,
Parameters ; Condti.,
Problem in Annulus
Solution
Condt.,
Flow of two immiscible liquids
 UNIT –III
Heat and Mass Transport in One Dimensional Flow

1. HEAT TRANSPORT