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INTRODUCTION RUBANTE ACE LOQUENTE

BLIXEN B. JOMAR S.
CONTENTS

PALIOC GLYZA PACOMA

REECE KYLE
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TEACHER:
Benson Ancheta
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THE GEOSPHERE
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INTRODUCTION
THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
CONTENTS

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 What is geosphere?
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THE GEOSPHERE
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INTRODUCTION
"The geosphere is the portion of Earth that includes the interior
CONTENTS structure, rocks and minerals, landforms, and all physical processes on
land that shape Earth's surface. All the continents and the ocean floor
are also considered parts of the geosphere, Essentially, this is the solid
ground of Earth. Scientists that study this part of Earth are called
geologists. It should be clear that the term geosphere covers all of the
solid part of Earth, from its surface up to the deeper depth of the core,
as opposed to lithosphere that covers only the crust.
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 Who discovered the geosphere?
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Aristotle, the Greek philosopher who
lived from 384 - 322 BC, considered
INTRODUCTION
the geosphere to include the motion
of earth, water, fire, and air. The
CONTENTS lithosphere is the part of the
geosphere made up of landforms. The
pedosphere is the part of the
geosphere made up of rocks,
minerals, and soil.
Geosphere Facts - Softschools.com
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Earth’s Internal Structure
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TOPICS Earth's Internal Structure. The

interior structure of Earth is
INTRODUCTION composed of different layers,
each with unique features. As a
CONTENTS review, there are three main
layers: crust, mantle, and core.
You see only the surface of the
crust because this is the part of
Earth where we live.

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 Earth’s Internal Structure
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The different layers vary in density, mineral,
MEMBERS temperature, and thickness. Modern
technology has allowed the identification of
TOPICS materials in the interior of Earth through
seismic waves. As a basic concept, there are
INTRODUCTION two types of waves traveling through Earth: the
p-waves, which travel fast through both solids
CONTENTS and liquids, and the s-waves, which travel
slower than p-waves and can travel only
through solids. Seismologists and
volcanologists incessantly study the
components of Earth through these seismic
waves. The succeeding discussions on the
EXIT layers of Earth show new findings obtained
from the study of seismic waves.

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 P-wave and S-wave
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MEMBERS A P wave (primary

wave or pressure wave) is one In seismology and other areas
of the two main types of elastic  involving elastic waves, S
TOPICS body waves, called seismic waves waves, secondary waves,
 in seismology. P waves travel or shear waves (sometimes
faster than other seismic waves called elastic S waves) are a type
INTRODUCTION and hence are the first signal from of elastic wave and are one of the
an earthquake to arrive at any two main types of elastic 
affected location or at a  body waves, so named because
CONTENTS seismograph. P- waves  they move through the body of an
may be transmitted through object, unlike surface waves.[1]
 gases, liquids, or solids.

P-wave S-wave

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 What is Crust?
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Crust
TOPICS The crust consists of a 5 to 70 km thick layer
of oceanic and continental crusts. The
INTRODUCTION continental crust is thicker than the oceanic
crust. Most of the crust is composed of eight
CONTENTS elements, namely, oxygen, silicon,
aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium,
and magnesium. These are the same
elements that we process to produce things
we commonly use today, such as glass
https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-internal-layers-structure-of-the-earth.html (SiO,), concrete (CaCO,), and steel.

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MEMBERS Just above the upper mantle and still

part of the crust is the Mohorovicic
TOPICS discontinuity or simply the Moho. This
layer was discovered by Croatian
seismologist Andrija Mohorovidié
INTRODUCTION (1857-1936) in 1909 while studying
the seismic waves in an earthquake in
CONTENTS Croatia. The velocity of the seismic
waves behaved differently as they
traveled through this layer before the Andrija Mohorovičić was a
Croatian geophysicist. He
mantle (which is why it was termed as
is best known for the
"discontinuity"). The Moho is now eponymous Mohorovičić
recognized as the transitional discontinuity and is
boundary that divides the crust from considered one of the
the mantle. founders of modern
EXIT seismology.

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 What is Mantle?
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Below the crust is the mantle.
MEMBERS However, scientists through recent
discoveries added a sublayer of the
mantle, known as the asthenosphere,
TOPICS that explains the occurrence of
earthquakes and seismic activities. The
asthenosphere lies on the upper part of
INTRODUCTION the mantle and is directly below the
crust. The extreme temperature and
pressure in the asthenosphere cause
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the rocks to become ductile and thus
move like liquid. The flow of semi-molten
rocks in some parts of the brittle crust
causes it to break. Some rigid parts of
the crust, on the other hand, just "float"
or move about slowly on this liquidlike
layer, supporting the movement of plates
as described in the plate tectonics
EXIT theory.

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The mantle is made up of silicate rocks. It is

MEMBERS considered to be the thickest layer of Earth.
It holds almost 84% of the volume of Earth.
Most of it is solid, but it behaves like a
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viscous fluid. The limited knowledge that
scientists have on the mantle is derived
INTRODUCTION from xenoliths. These are rocks that are
embedded or trapped in rocks that come
straight from a volcano. The rocks trapped
CONTENTS inside magma apparently contain most of
the primary rocks that originated from the
interior of Earth. Hence, these are thought
to be the rocks in the mantle.
Volcanologists, collect samples from rocks
coming from volcanism or from spreading
mid-oceanic ridge.

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The Gutenberg discontinuity serves

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as a transitional boundary between
the lower mantle and the outer
TOPICS core. It was named after its
discovery by Beno Gutenburg
INTRODUCTION (1889- 1960) in 1913. This
boundary does not remain constant
CONTENTS because of changes in heat flow.
When heat in the mantle dissipates,
the molten core gradually solidifies
and shrinks, moving this boundary
deeper and deeper within Earth's
core.

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 What is Core?
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CORE
MEMBERS The core is chiefly made up of iron and nickel. The iron in
the outer core is in liquid form, which is why the outer core is
known to be liquid while the inner core is solid. Iron is
TOPICS particularly important because this is the primary source of
Earth's magnetic field. The magnetic field extends outward to
INTRODUCTION protect Earth from solar winds by deflecting them. Without
this magnetic field, the solar winds could damage Earth's
atmosphere and all living forms on Earth. There also exists a
CONTENTS
transitional boundary between the inner core and the outer
core. The Lehman discontinuity was discovered in 1929
when a large earthquake occurred in New Zealand. Danish
seismologist Inge Lehmann (1888-1993) studied the shock
waves and realized that these waves had traveled some
distance into the core and then bounced off to some kind of
boundary. With this distinct behavior of the waves, it was
EXIT accepted that there indeed lies a layer that separates the
solid inner core from the liquid outer core.

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INTRODUCTION
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CONTENTS listening!

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