Philosophy

and
Logic
 Philosophy is…

…the science of all things

by their first causes as
known in light of natural
reason.
When is
philosophy,
a
philosophy?
philosophy
• The term philosophy was coined by Pythagoras, a Greek
philosopher who noted that there are three types of man: a lover of
pleasure, a lover of success and a lover of wisdom.
• Greek Philia (love or friend) and Sophia (wisdom), literally love of
wisdom
DIVISIONS OF PHILOSOPHY

• METAPHYSICS - the study of reality (beings and Being).

What is the ultimate reality? etc.
• EPISTEMOLOGY- the study of validity of human knowledge.
What is knowledge? etc.
• ETHICS- the study of the morality of human act.
What is right and wrong? etc.
• COSMOLOGY - the science of the universe.
What are space and time? etc.
• THEODICY- a philosophical study of God.
Does God exist?etc.
• LOGIC- the study of correct reasoning.
What makes an argument valid or invalid?
LOGIC: A TOOL OF PHILOSOPHY

LOGIC is defined as the science of correct reasoning.

As a science, it is a body of information concerning the different
relations that arise in our mind when it know things.
Man is naturally ordered to correct thinking (natural logic) but he
has a special need of scientific logic which is a systematic and an
ordered way of reasoning in order to examine his thought processes
in difficult or controversial cases.
 Legazpi Thomasians are excellent.

Logic merely facilitates the organizing of our You are a Legazpi Thomasian
ideas, expressing them with more accuracy and student.
drawing from them some legitimate conclusions.
Therefore, you are excellent.
DIVISION OF LOGIC

Logic is divided according to the three basic operations of human thought: simple
apprehension, judgment and reasoning.
 
Simple Apprehension is the act by which the intellect merely grasps the essence of
something (apprehension because it lays hold of the thing mentally: simple because
the intellect merely takes the thing in without any affirmation or denial about it.)
 
Judgment is a mental operation that pronounces the identity or non-identity
between two ideas.
 
Reasoning is a mental act that proceeds from the previously known truth to a new
truth.
Soundness and Validity
• All senators in this country must be a Filipino Citizen.
• Robin Padilla is a senator.
• Hence, Robin Padilla is a Filipino Citizen.
• All senators in this country must be a Filipino citizen.
• Robin Padilla is a Filipino Citizen.
• Hence, Robin Padilla is a senator.
• Violinists are musicians.
• Mozart is a musician.
• Therefore, Mozart is a violinist.
• Dogs are artists.
• Painters are dogs.
• Hence, painters are artists.
• Musicians are guitarists
• Violinists are guitarists
• Hence, violinists are musicians
• Dogs are birds.
• Cats are dogs.
• Therefore, cats are birds.
• Dogs are birds.
• Cats are birds.
• Therefore, cats are dogs.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LOGIC
1. True premises do not guarantee validity. (1 and 2)
2. A true conclusion does not guarantee validity. (2 and 5)
3. True premises and a true conclusion together do not guarantee
validity. (2)
4. Valid inference does not guarantee a true conclusion. (6)
5. False premises do not guarantee invalidity. (4 and 6)
6. A false conclusion does not guarantee invalidity.(6)
7. False premises and a false conclusion together do not guarantee
invalidity. (6)
8. Invalid reasoning does not guarantee a false conclusion. (2 and 7)
Construct an example of the following:
1. Valid argument with all false premises and a true conclusion.
2. Valid argument with all false premises and a false conclusion.
3. Valid argument with all true premises and a true conclusion.
4. Invalid argument with all true premises and true conclusion.