WILLIAM

JAMES
 WILLIAM JAMES
William James is considered by many to be the most
insightful and stimulating of American philosophers, as
well as the second of the three great pragmatists (the
middle link between Charles Sanders Peirce and John
Dewey). James himself remained unconvinced that
psychology was in fact a distinct discipline, writing in his
1892 survey of the field, Psychology: Briefer Course,
"This is no science; it is only the hope of a science" (p.
335). Despite James’s skepticism, in the ensuing century
this hope was fully realized in the department he
helped to found.
 UNDERSTANDING
THE SELF
FUNCTIONALIS
M

THE
JAMES-
FUNCTION THEORY OF
LANGE
OF THE PRAGMATISM
THEORY OF
CONSCIOUSN SELF
MOTION
ESS
FUNCTIONALISM
- Is a psychological philosophy that describes the
mind as a functional tool that allows us to adapt to
our environments.

-Functionalism school of thought was emerged as

a reaction to structuralism.
-The founder of Functionalism is William James, he also
known as the founder of American Psychology.
-Functionalism emphasized function rather that
structure of human consciousness.

FUNCTIONALISM
Functionalism – A theory that views society as a
complex but orderly and stable system with
Interconnected structures and functions or social
patterns that operate to meet the needs of
individuals in a society.
Examples of Functionalism
AGING – As people age they gradually withdraw
from society and are relieved of
Responsibilities, providing an orderly transition
between generations. This shift justifies the
Discrimination (ageism) older people experience
as they become less useful to society.
DEVIANCE: Creates social solidarity by branding
some behaviors as deviant. Those that are
Labeled deviant will develop a collective identity.
EDUCATION: Transmits knowledge to the next
generation, teaching good citizenship, and
Preparation for future work.
FAMILY: Provides reproduction and protection of
children; as a primary agent of socialization
fosters understanding of expected behaviors,
norms, and values.
 James- Lange Theory Of Emotion Bab

I
Bab
William
James(1884)Theory of
II
emotion proposed that
they are a set of basic
1 Carl Lange was a psychologist
whose research interests were Bab
emotions (such as anger), in fields related to the mind
and that each of these and developer of a theory on III
emotions has its own emotion. Examine Lange's
associated physical state
(emotional
2 theory of emotion.
Bab

measurements) IV
Bab

V
 James- Lange Theory Of Emotion Bab

I
Bab

This Theory proposes that

II
An analysis of emotion in
people have a psychological
response to environmental 3 modern psychology that
discusses the origin and Bab
stimuli and that their
interpretation of that physical nature of emotions. III
response then results in an Question like what causes
emotional experience. 4 emotion, and how to Bab
control emotions.
IV
It was proposed by the psychologist William
James and Carl Lange in the mid 1880's
Bab

V
 William James Theory of emotion Bab
James-Lange theory I
The James-Lange theory suggests
that emotions are the result of
Bab 01 physical changes in the body.
-he gave more emphasis on the idea
II that emotion are a consequence of
According to James and Lange,
our body’s responses to an
Physical arousal.
02 emotional event.
Bab  

III
He explained that "My thesis on According to james lange
Bab the contrary, is that the bodily theory of emotion – our
IV changes follow directly the
PERCEPTION of the exciting fact 03 04 physiological(bodily)reaction
and that out feeling of the same occurs first, followed by an
changes as they occur is the emotional reaction – (we are
Bab emotion. afraid because we run)
 
V
 Bab

I
Which comes first?
Bab
The emotion or the reaction?
II
Emotion is a natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's
circumstances, mood, or relationships with others
Bab
Reaction is an action performed or a feeling experienced in response to a
situation or event or a person’s ability to respond physically and mentally to
III
external stimuli.
  Bab
Some people believe that our emotions dictate our response and others
believe our reaction dictates our emotion. IV
Ex: are we afraid because we run, or do we run because we are afraid.
Bab

V
 FUNCTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS

James considers the central function of human consciousness is to

Bab make sense of reality through abstract concepts.
II “What Makes a Life Significant,” James argues that significant lives
are based on a marriage of two components: con- sciously chosen
ideals and bold energetic activity.
Bab
James developed an understanding of consciousness as a process that
III enables us to think about the past, present, and future as well as to make
plans in advance to modify our behavior in response to the current situation
(Hunt, 1920).
Bab
James (1890) opposed the structuralist view that states of consciousness
IV can be dissected into component elements.

James, who coined the term "stream of consciousness," claimed that the
Bab
mind is a fluid, changing whole (thus consciousness is a continuum).
V
 THEORY OF THE SELF
Theory of self:
Bab
James described two aspects of the self that he termed the “I Self” and “Me
Self.”
II The I Self reflects what people see or perceive themselves doing in the
physical world
Bab

III Examples:
Bab
Examples:
IV   recognizing that one is walking,eating and writing.

Bab
 "I know it was me who ate the cookie,” the "Me" is the empirical self, the one who does the
V acting, whereas the "I" is the self that is capable of thinking and reflecting (Cooper, 1992). 
 Whereas the Me Self is a more subjective and psychological Bab
phenomenon, referring to individuals’ reflections about
themselves
I
Bab EXAMPLE:
II
 Examples:
Bab
 characterizing oneself as athletic, smart, cooperative. Other terms
such as self-view, self-image, self-schema, and self-concept are also
III used to describe the self-referent thoughts characteristic of the Me
Self.
Bab

IV
Bab

V
 “I” & “Me Bab

I
SELF”
The “I” is the pure ego – it is what Although the “I” self cannot Bab
provides continuity between past,
present, and future, allowing us to view
be further divided, the “Me” II
ourselves to have a consistent, can be further broken down
individual identity, one brought about by into three sub-categories: a Bab
the stream of consciousness that James
material, social, and spiritual
first defined (Hunt, 1920).  III
self. 
 The “Me” is a separate
individual a person refers to  On the other hand, the “I” is the Bab

when talking about their part of the self that knows who IV
personal experiences.  they are and what they have
accomplished in life  Bab

V
 3 components of Me Self Bab
James further distinguished three components of the Me Self.  I
These include: 
Bab

II
Bab
(1) the material  (2) the social self  (3) the spiritual
self (e.g., (e.g., how we self (e.g.,
III tangible objects interact and internal
or possessions portray ourselves dispositions).
Bab we collect for within different
ourselves) groups, situations,
IV or persons) 

Bab

V
 Material Self Bab

I
Bab

II The material self,

(1) The material self Material Self (The Self
according to William consisting  of one’s in a material world)
Bab James pertains (may body, family relations,
kalabutan)(nauukol) and possessions
III to the objects or even (something that one’s
It signifies one’s self

people which have a own) It also indicates one’s

Bab label “mine”. For status in the society 
instance, your clothes
IV reflects certain
aspects of your
personality and
Bab designated them as
V “my wardrobe”.
 SOCIAL SELF Bab

I
Bab

II James went on to
(1) Social Self Our social roles
make an additional
(2) James called the and the way we are
point about these
Bab second category of recognized and
social selves. He
III the empirical self
the social self. The
posited an
regarded by others.
instinctive drive to
social self
be noticed and
Bab (3) refers to how we are
recognized by
regarded and
IV recognized by
others.
others. As before,
James’s analysis was
Bab (4) very broad
V
 SPIRITUAL SELF
Bab
II William James in his
SPIRITUALITY or book, the Principles of
Spiritus in latin Psychology in 1890,
Bab word means breath Spiritual self is one of the
or life force.
III four constituents of the
self. William James also
has a strong perspective
Bab in religion. His interest is
not particularly in
IV religious institution or
even the specific
religious ideas, but
Bab rather the spiritual
V experience that religions
brings about.
Bab
I
According to William
James Spiritual Self
is the most intimate,
inner subjective part
of the self. Spiritual
self is who we are at
our core including
our personality,
values and
conscience. Our
spiritual self typically
remains typically
stable throughout
our lifetime.
PRAGMATISM
PRAGMATISM
Right to Believe James originally delivered the The Will to Believe as a lecture in
1896, and published it soon afterwards. He explains that The Will to Believe is an
essay on the "justification of faith, a defense of our right to adopt a believing attitude
in religious matters, in spite of the fact that our merely logical intellect may not have
been coerced." Many understand James as defending a kind of fideism - the idea that
faith is in some sense independent from (and sometimes perhaps even opposed to)
reason. James argues that we may be justified in adopting a belief even if we don't
have enough prior evidence in support of it, and in some cases,
1) we may only have access to supporting evidence only after we have adopted the
belief, or
2) our adoption of the belief may make the belief true. For James, religious beliefs
are paradigm examples of such beliefs. James also discusses and refers to this idea as
'the duty to believe' and 'the right to believe' in other writings.
 WILIAM JAMES
Bab

I
right to believe: 
James argues that we may be
justified in adopting a belief even if
we don't have enough prior evidence Bab

Bab
in support of it, and in some cases, II
we may only have access to
III supporting evidence only after we
have adopted the belief, or our
Bab
adoption of the belief may make the
IV belief true.

Bab

V
 RELIGION
He identifies four postulates of Bab
rationality as value-related, but
For James studies that part of human nature unknowable, matters of belief; I
that is, or is related to, religious experience. these are God, immortality,
His interest is not in religious institutions, freedom, and moral duty .  He Bab
ritual, or, even for the most part, religious proceeds to deal with each of
ideas, but in “the feelings, acts, and them individually. II
experiences of individual men in their solitude,
so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in Bab
relation to whatever they may consider the
divine”  Although James is somewhat vague regarding his own III
religious “over-beliefs,” they can be pieced together
from various passages.  He believes there is more to
Bab James is arguably the most reality than our natural world and that this unseen
significant American philosopher of realm generates practical effects in this world.  If we
IV religion in intellectual history, and call the supreme being “God,” then we have reason to
many of his writings, in addition to think the interpersonal relationship between God and
the obligatory “Will to Believe” humans is dynamic and that God provides us with a
Bab
essay and his book on The Varieties guarantee that the moral values we strive to realize will
V of Religious Experience, offer somehow survive us. 
provocative insights into that area.
William James
Bab

FREE I
WILL”
In "The Will to Believe", James simply asserted that his will was free. As
his first act of freedom, he said, he chose to believe his will was free. He
Bab

was encouraged to do this by reading Charles Renouvier, whose work II

convinced James to convert from monism to pluralism.
William James thought that an individual act of will could make a
Bab
difference in a casual and deterministic universe.
That the strength of his beliefs increased the chance of their being true III
was perhaps wishful thingking.
But James was not just a BELIEVER. He had an idea of how free will
actually worked-as opposed to what he called hard determinism and Bab
soft determinism.
Hard determinism (or metaphysical determinism) is a view on free will
IV
which holds that determinism is true, that it is incompatible with free
will, and therefore that free will does not exist.
Bab

V
William James
Bab

FREE In his search for truth and assorted

I
WILL”
Soft determinism (or
compatibilism) is the
principles of psychology, William James
developed his two-stage model of free Bab
will. In his model, he tries to explain how II
position or view that it is people come to the making of a
decision and what factors are involved in
causal determinism is it. He firstly defines our basic ability to Bab
true, but we still act as choose as free will. Then he specifies our
free, morally responsible two factors as chance and choice. III
"James's two-stage model effectively
agents when, in the separates chance (the in-deterministic Bab
absence of external free element) from choice (an arguably
constraints, our actions determinate decision that follows IV
causally from one's character, values,
are caused by our desires. and especially feelings and desires at the
moment of decision)." Bab
William James Two Stages Of Model.
V
 The Meaning of Life Bab

I
Meaning of life - life is meaningful and The Anglo-American Bab
worth living because of a spiritual order
in which we 1 tradition, William James
held that life is
II
should believe, or else that it is meaningful and worth
meaningful when there is a marriage of living because of a Bab
ideals with pluck, will,and the manly spiritual order in which
III
2
virtues. The meaning of life, as we we should believe, or
perceive it, is derived from philosophical else that it is meaningful
and when there is a marriage
religious contemplation of, and scientific Bab
of ideals with pluck, will,
inquiries about existence, social ties,
consciousness,
and the manly virtues; IV
Bertrand Russell argued
and happiness. that to live a meaningful
Bab life one must
V
 GROUP 1 (WILLIAM JAMES) Bab
MEMBERS LIST: I
LATO, RUFFA MAE -EDITOR
Bab
ARANCO, SHAIMEL
II BUDUAN, CHRISTIAN

Bab
TABAY, CLAIRE ANNE

III BOLHANO, CLAIRE

DONQUE, EMMANUEL CHARZ BARAZAN

Bab
CARTAGENA, MARIEL
IV PANTAJO, ELSA
HILBERO, GLAIZA
Bab
VILLARENTE, JADE
V ASIGNAR, ALOS
BATE, ROSE ANN
THAN
KHAPPY
TEACHERS
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