SOLID WASTE

AND ITS
MANAGEMENT
 SOLID WASTE

 Itis defined as:

“Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging
from municipal garbage to industrial wastes
that contain complex and sometimes
hazardous substances”

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 Solid wastes also include:
• Sewage sludge
• Agricultural refuse
• Demolition wastes
• Mining residues

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 TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

 Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as

follows:
1. Household waste is generally classified as
Municipal waste
2. Industrial waste as Hazardous waste
3. Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as
Infectious waste

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 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

 Municipalsolid waste consists of:

Household waste
Construction and demolition debris
Sanitation residue
Waste from streets.

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 With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and
food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has
been increasing rapidly and its composition changing.
 The existing landfills are neither well equipped or
well managed and are not lined properly to protect
against contamination of soil and groundwater.

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 HAZARDOUS WASTE
 Industrialand hospital waste is considered
hazardous as they may contain toxic
substances.
 Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to
humans, animals, and plants. They are
 Corrosive
 Highly inflammable, or explosive
 React when exposed to certain things e.g. gases

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 Householdwastes that can be categorized as
hazardous waste include:
 old batteries
 shoe polish
 paint tins
 old medicines
 medicine bottles.

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 Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals
used in hospitals is considered hazardous.
 These chemicals include formaldehyde and
phenols, which are used as disinfectants.

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 In the industrial sector, the major generators of
hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper,
pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods
industries.
 Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste
such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal.

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 HOSPITAL WASTE
 Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis,
treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals
 It may include wastes like
 Sharps
 Soiled waste
 Disposables
 Anatomical waste
 Cultures
 Discarded medicines
 Chemical wastes

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 These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs,
bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc.
 This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious
threat to human health if not managed in a scientific
and discriminate manner
 It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of waste
generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would be infected

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CAUSES OF SOLID WASTE

 The main sources for solid wastes are domestic,

commercial, industrial, municipal, and agricultural
wastes.
 The composition of a city waste is as follows:
 Paper, wood, cardboard 53 %
 Garbage 22 %
 Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 %
 Metals 8 %
 Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %

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 Composition of City Waste

60%
50%
Percentages

40%
30% Series1
20%
10%
0%
Paper, Garbage Ceramic, metals Rubber,
w ood, glass plastics,
cardboard crokery discarded
textiles
Type of Wastes

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 Theincrease in the quantity of solid waste is
due to
 Overpopulation,
Affluence (material comfort)
Technological advancement

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 EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE
a) Health Hazard
 If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to
accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions.
 This may lead to epidemic outbreaks.
 Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery,
plague, jaundice, or gastro-intestinal diseases may
spread and cause loss of human lives.
 In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes is a
health hazard for the workers who come in direct
contact with the waste

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b) Environmental Impact

 If the solid wastes are not treated properly,

decomposition and putrefaction (decay) may take
place.
 The organic solid waste during decomposition may
generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors.

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 WASTE MANAGEMENT
4 R’s CONCEPT
 Four Rs (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce)
to be followed for waste management.

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Thank you