COMPLEX CLAUSES

 FINITE AND NON FINITE CLAUSE.

 Finite:
 Because John was sick, he couldn’t come to a
lecture.
 John has visited New York but I have never been to
the US.
 Non Finite
 i)To Inf.
 w/o S. The best thing would be to tell everybody.
 w S. The best thing would be for you to tell
everybody. It would be better for you to tell
everybody. (Anticipatory It construction)
 ii) Bare Inf.
 w/o S. All I did was hit on the head.
 w S. Rather than John do it, I’d prefer to give

the job to Mary.

 iii) ing-Participle (Pres. Part.)
 w/o S. Leaving the room, he slammed the door
 W S. Her aunt having left the room, I declare d

my sincere love for Sheilla.

 iv) –ed Participle (Past Part.)
 w/o S. Coverred with confusion I left the room
 w S. We left he room and went home, the job
finished.
 Verbless Clauses. (Verbs are recoverable from
context.
 (i) Dozen of people stranded many of them
children. (many of them children being children).
 ii) Whether right or wrong he is still my bro.
Whether he is right or wrong ~
 NOMINAL CLAUSES
(serving as Nominal)
i) That-clauses.
 S: That he is still alive is a fact.
 Od: I told him that he was wrong.
 I knew
 Nobody knows that you love me.
 Cs
The fact is that I love you.
 ii) W(H)- interrogative clauses (Nominal Rel. Clauses)
 S: How the book will sell depends on
its author.
 Od: I can’t imagine what made him do it
 C The problem is who is in charge in this programme.
s:
Home is where you live.
 Prep Compl. No one agrees to what I propose.
 iii) Yes-no interrogative clauses.
 Whether you agree or not is up to you.
 Do you know if/whether the banks are open?
 The problem is whether or not you like it.
 iv. To-inf.nominal clause.
 S: For a bridge to collapse like that is

unbelievable.

Od: He likes everyone to be happy.
 Cs :
My wish is to be a pilot.
 Adjectival Complement:. I am glad to help you.

 V. Nominal –ing clauses.

 S: Telling lies is wrong.
 Od: No one enjoys deceiving his own family.

C
s His favorite past time is playing practical jokes.
 vi. Prep. Complement: I am tired of being
treated like a child.
 vii. Adjectival Complement:
 The children were busy building sandcastle.

 viii. Bare Infinitive Clauses.

 All I did was (to) turn off the tap.
 Turn off the tap was all I did.
 Direct and Indirect speech. Decide its syntactic Str !
 He said “I am very angry” (DS)
 He said that he was angry. (IS)

 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES (after, before, since, until, when)

i) Clauses of time.
When I last saw you, you lived in Lenteng
Agung.
Do you remember when we walked arm in arm for
the first time along Jl. Kenanga?
 a. He wrote his greatest novel while working on a
freighter.
 b. Once published, the book is best selling.
 c. When in difficulty, consult the manual.
 ii).Clauses of place(where/wherever)
 i) They went wherever they could find work.
 ii) Where possible, all moving parts should be

tested.
 ii). Clauses of condition and concession.
 a. If you treat the customers equally, they will be

satisfied with your services.

 b. Although it rains they walk away.
 Make up other sentences!
 iii. Clauses of reason or cause.
 a. I lent him the money because he needed it.
 b. Since I am broke I could not treat you for
 McD.
 c. Being sick, she is absent today
 Having no money I could not treat you for
 McD.
iv Clauses of purpose

 Adjuncts using infinitival & introduced by

 (in order ) (for N ) to, so as to (‘What…for?)
 a. I left early to/so as to catch train.
 b. They left the door open in order for me to
 hear the baby.
 Using so that, so (informal) or in order that
(formal)
 Jhon visited London in order that he could see
 his MP
 so (that)
v Clauses of result
 a. You are so beautiful that I fall in love with you.
 b. We planted many shrubs so (that) the
 garden soon looked beautiful.

 vi Clauses of Manner and comparison are

introduce by (exactly) as, (just) as
 a. Please do it (exactly) as I instructed
(in the way that)
b. He looks as if he is going to be ill. (Comp.)
c. You treated me as if you had never met me.
vii Comparative sentences

Jane is as healthy as her sister (is)

 less healthy
 more healthy than
 healthier

 viii. Clauses of Condition

 Suborinator: If(+ Condition) Unless (-Cond
 ition)
 a. He will buy Toyata Fortuner if he wins the lottery.
 b. Unless it rains we go camping. (‘only …if not’)
(If it does not rain we go camping.)

 Real Condition (fulfillment/non fulfillment of the

condition.
 Unreal Condition (Hypothetical/Subjunctive)
 The condition will not be fulfilled.
 See example a. Will the condition be fulfilled?
 c. If she comes I will see her. (Real)
 d. If she came I would see her (Unreal)
 (‘She does not come so I don’t see her’)
 e. If you had come to the wedding party you
 would have enjoyed the party. Did you
 come? Of course not. (Unreal)
 f. If I were you, I would take the offer.
 Ex. d & f belong to Present Subjunctive

(contrary to the present fact).

 Ex. e belongs to Past Subjunctive (contrary to

the past fact).

 Provided(Providing) you study hard you will
 pass with flying colours.
 ‘as long as’, ‘so long as’, ‘on condition that’
 COORDINATIVE & SUBORDINATIVE
COMPLEX CLUSES
IC IC
 (Independent Clause/Superordinate)
 Coordinative: [I like John] and [John likes me].
 [You take it ]or [(you) leave it].
 [He is friendly ]but/yet [he is in vain]
 [They close the shop], for [there is other
choice]
 [She arrived early] so [she got freshest food].
 [John will not stay at his job], nor [will he
leave town permanently].
SYMMETRICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN TWO CLAUSES
 Subordinative (Non symmetrical relation)
 IC DC (Dependent Clause/Subordinate)
 [I like Jon] [because John likes me].
 [I think] [(that) you can do it] [if you try].
 can stand can not stand alone
 alone
 ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES
(Relative Clauses)
 Defining/Restrictive vs Non Defining/Non
Restrictive Relative Clauses.
 Defining defines the antecedent which is

indefinite if omitted it is not clear what man

for instance we are talking about.
 i. The man who teaches Grammar is a
 stranger to me. (Defining)
 ii. Mr. Budiasa, who teaches Grammar, has
 sense of humour. (Non Defining)
Defining Relative Clauses.
 i. Nominative
 a. The Man who robbed you is called Sykes.

 The man is called Sykes. He robbed you.

 b. The road that/which leads to Singaraja is

zigzag.
 The road is zigzag. It leads to Singaraja.
 ii. Accusative

 The man (that) I knew is called Smith.

 The man is called Smth. I knew him.
 The car I hired broke down at Manggis
 T- Junction.
 With a preposition: Whom/That.
 i The man to whom I spoke is a celebrity.
 The man is a celebrity. I spoke to him.
 - The lake from which you get some water is not

polluted.
 iii Possessive.
 a. The woman whose daughter you love is a
 rockdut singer.
 The woman is rockdut singer. You love her
 daughter.
 b. The dog whose tail is wagging greets its
 master.
Non Defining Relative Clause.
 i. Nominative: Person/Thing :who/which.
 a. Tom, who loves Jerry is one of the

characters in the film “Tom and Jerry.

 b. Emon, who/which barks everyday, is my

reliable watchdog.
 c. His old car, which always breaks down,

spent a lot of money to repair.

 ii Accusative.
 a. Ayu Tingting, whom you know well, is a

single parent.
 b. “Romeo and Juliette” which you are reading
 at the moment was written by W. Shakespeare.
 c. Mary with whom I drove home, has a Rolls
 Royce. Or
 Mary who I drove home with, has a Rolls
 Royce.
 d. Lake Beratan, from which you get
 freshwater, is a place of interest in
Tabanan.
 iii Possessive
 a. Lydia Kandau, whose daughter is an

actress, is Jamal Mirdad’s better half.

 Sofia, whose daughter you love, is an actress.
 b. Blacky, whose tail is always wagging, is a

faithful dog. Or
 Blacky, of which the tail/the tail of which is

always wagging, is a faithful dog.

Relative Adverbs:
When= in/on which; where=in which/at which; why =
for which
 a. The year when he died was 1965. =
 The year in which he died was 1965.
 b. The village where he was born is dry but
 peaceful. =
 The village at/in which he was born is
 dry but peaceful.
 c. The reason why he came is not convincing.
 = The reason for which he came is not
 convincing.
The importance of commas in relative
clauss.
 i. The travelers who knew about the floods
 took another road.
 ii. The travelers, who knew about the floods,
 took another road.
The importance of commas in relative
clauses.
 i. The travelers who knew about the floods
 took another road. (Defining RL)
 ii. The travelers, who knew about the floods,
 took another road. (Non Defining RL)
 Please make distinction in meaning!