INTRODUCTION TO

VLSI DESIGN
Very large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by
combining millions or billions of MOS transistors onto a single chip. VLSI began in the
1970s when MOS integrated circuit (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) chips were widely
adopted, enabling complex semiconductor and telecommunication technologies to be
developed. The microprocessor and memory chips are VLSI devices. Before the
introduction of VLSI technology, most ICs had a limited set of functions they could
perform. An electronic circuit might consist of a CPU, ROM, RAM and other glue logic.
VLSI enables IC designers to add all of these into one chip.
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
• An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip, microchip or microelectron
circuit, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resisto
capacitors, diodes and transistors are fabricated.
APPLICATION OF VLSI
• The concept of Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the part of semiconductor
and communication technologies. It is integrated circuits on a single chip. It is the
first semiconductor chips that held one transistor. The microprocessor is a VLSI
device. It involves implementation and designing of circuits. It provides
computational speed with minimum power dissipation and circuit board area.
This paper covered the evolution of VLSI design concepts and methodologies used
such as future challenges, fabrication process, limitations, and some applications.
• Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) describes about semiconductor integrated
circuits which composed of hundreds of thousands of memory cells logic
elements. It is the technique of implementation circuit designing that provides
computational speed.
USES OF VLSI
• VLSI began in the 1970s when MOS integrated circuit (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) chips were
widely adopted, enabling complex semiconductor and telecommunication technologies to be
developed. The microprocessor and memory chips are VLSI devices.
Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale
Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements
with their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth
generation.
VLSI DESIGN FLOW
MOORE’S LAW
• Moore's law is a term used to refer to the observation made by Gordon Moore in 1965 that the
number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit (IC) doubles about every 18 month. Moore's
law isn't really a law in the legal sense or even a proven theory in the scientific sense
EVOLUTION OF VLSI
• SSI - Small Scale Integration (early 1970s) - contained 1 - 10 logic gates
• (It has less than 100 component)
• MSI - Medium Scale Integration logic functions, counters
• (It has less than 500 component)
• LSI - Large Scale Integration first microprocessors on the chip
• (It has component between 500-300000)
• VLSI - Very Large Scale Integration
• ( It has 300000 component per chip)
EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSORS
• First generation 4bit ,MP4004 in 1971
• Second generation 8bit ,8008 in 1974
• Third generation 16 bit , 8086 in 1978
• Fourth generation 32bit, 80286 and pentinium in 1986 and 1993
• Intel fifth generation 64 bit i3 and i7 in 2010
HDL CODING CONCEPT
• HDL
• Verilog is a HARDWARE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE (HDL). It is a language used for describing a
digital system like a network switch or a microprocessor or a memory or a flip−flop. It means, by
using a HDL we can describe any digital hardware at any level.
• THERE ARE FLOWING OPERATORS IN UNDER HDL
• Arithmatic operators
• Relation operators
• Equality operators
• Logic operators
• Bitwise operators
• Shift operators
 COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS
• The combinational logic circuits are the circuits that contain different types of logic gates. Simply,
a circuit in which different types of logic gates are combined is known as a combinational logic
circuit.
• There are different types of combinational logic circuits, such as Adder, Subtractor, Decoder,
Encoder, Multiplexer, and De-multiplexer.
•

At any instant of time, the output of the combinational circuits depends only on the present input
terminals.
• The combinational circuit doesn't have any backup or previous memory. The present state of the
circuit is not affected by the previous state of the input.
• The n number of inputs and m number of outputs are possible in combinational logic circuits .
MULTIPLEXERS
• Multiplexing is the generic term used to describe the operation of sending one or more
analogue or digital signals over a common transmission line at different times or speeds
and as such, the device we use to do just that is called the multiplexer.
• The multiplexer, shortened to “MUX” or “MPX”, is a combinational logic circuit designed to
switch one of several input lines through to a single common output line by the application
of a control signal. Multiplexers operate like very fast acting multiple position rotary
switches connecting or controlling multiple input lines called “channels” one at a time to
the output.
• Multiplexers, or MUX’s, can be either digital circuits made from high speed logic gates
used to switch digital or binary data or they can be analogue types using transistors,
MOSFET’s or relays to switch one of the voltage or current inputs through to a single
output.
4*1 MUX USING MODULE
• There are 4 input
• 2 Selectlnes are required to decide to the selecton
• Out put Q is assigned either or the inputs based on the value of select line
Digrams of 4*1 multiplexers
FINITE STATE MACHINE
• A finite-state machine (FSM) or finite-state
automaton (FSA, plural: automata), finite
automaton, or simply a state machine, is a
mathematical model of computation. It is
an abstract machine that can be in exactly
one of a finite number of states at any
given time.
• Finite state machine describe
the sequence of seps taken by
the example
• Ex-counting from 0 – 7
Component of FSM
• A finite state machine consist of
• States –finite in number
• Inputs-finite , given by user .
• outputs –finite generatd by the machine
• State transition – from one state to others
• THERE ARE TWO TYPE OF FINITE STATE MACHINE
• MOORE MACHINE
• MEALEY MACHINE
• MOORE MACHINE – the output is independent only the current state
ex- counting up
• MEALEY MACHINE - The output is depending on the current state as
well as the input value ex. – vending machne