HELLO!

I am Lois Lane
Naparan
I am your Earth and Life Science teacher.
Rules & Regulations
1.Avoid being tardy in class.
2.Wear proper clothes; Be neat.
3.No talking with seatmates.
4.No napping/sleeping in class.
5.No using of cellphones, unless instructed
by the teacher.
Rules & Regulations
6. Turn your cellphone in Silent Mode.
7. No unnecessary standing during class.
8. Participate in oral recitation and
boardwork exercises.
9. Listen attentively.
10. Respect your classmates, and teachers.
ENDOGENIC PROCESS:
MAGMATISM
 Exogenic Process
are those that originate externally to the surface
of the Earth and is driven by exogenic forces
 Endogenic Process
are those that occur beneath the surface of the
Earth and is associated with the thermal energy
originating from the interior of the solid Earth
HOW HOT IS THE INTERNAL
OF THE EARTH?
• Though not in uniform rate, the temperature of
the Earth increases as the depth increases
towards the core.

• At the base of the crust, the temperature is

approximately 1000°C, about 3500°C at the
base of the mantle and is estimated to 6000°C at
the center of the Earth.
INTERNAL OF THE EARTH
HOT?

The Earth’s interior heat comes from several

sources which includes heat produced when
the planets formed and accreted, frictional
heating and decay of radioactive elements.
 SOURCES OF THE EARTH’S
INTERNAL HEAT

1. Heat from the

formation and
accretion of
planet
SOURCES OF THE
EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT

2. Frictional
Heating
SOURCES OF THE
EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT

3. Heat from
the decay of
radioactive
elements
What is Magma?
Magma is composed of liquefied rocks, crystals,
and dissolved gases.
Where does magma originated?
Rock melts under tremendous pressure and high
temperatures. Molten rock flows like a hot wax.
Most magmas are formed at temperatures between 600°C
and 1300°C
METAMORPHISM AND
IGNEOUS ROCK
FORMATION
•Metamorphic rocks have been modified by
heat, pressure, and chemical processes, usually
while buried deep below Earth's surface.
•Exposure to these extreme conditions has
altered the mineralogy, texture, and chemical
composition of the rocks.
2 Types of Metamorphism

1. Contact Metamorphism
Heat and reactive fluids as main factors:
occurs when a pre- existing rock gets in
contact with magma
Creates non-foliated metamorphic rocks
2 Types of Metamorphism
2. Regional Metamorphism
Pressure as main factor: occurs in areas
that have undergone considerable amount of
mechanical deformation and chemical
recrystallization during orogenic event which
are commonly associated with mountain
belts
Creates foliated metamorphic rocks
 Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks (fiery rocks) are made when
molten material inside or outside the earth cools
and becomes solid.
2 Types of Igneous Rocks
1. Extrusive Igneous Rock

2. Intrusive Igneous Rock

 Extrusive Igneous Rocks
When lava cools on top of the earth’s surface, it forms
extrusive, or volcanic, igneous rock because it was
extruded, or pushed, out onto the surface.
 Intrusive Igneous Rocks
If the magma stays inside the earth and takes thousands
of years to cool, it has time to make big crystals.
 MOVEMENT OF PLATES
LEAD TO FORMATION OF
FOLDS AND FAULTS
Rocks that were originally deposited in horizontal
layers can subsequently deform by tectonic forces
into folds and faults.
 Folds
constitute the twists and bends in rocks.
 Faults
are planes of detachment resulting when rocks on
either side of the displacement slip past one
another
3 Types of Boundaries
Convergent
the plates move
or collide to
each other
3 Types of Boundaries
Divergent
When the plates
move away from
each other
3 Types of Boundaries
Transform
when plates
slide past each
other
 Plate Movements
cause rocks to be deformed due to compressional stress
at convergent boundaries, tensional stress at divergent
boundaries, or shear stress at transform boundaries.
Due to these stresses, rocks experience changes in
volume and shape.
3 Types of Tectonic Force

a) Compressive forces squeeze and shorten a

body.
b) Tensional forces stretch a body and pulls it
apart
c) Shearing forces push different parts of a
body in opposite directions
When subjected to stress, rocks can deform by either
breaking (fracture) or bending (fold).
 Fracture
Since the pressure and temperature are low at the
Earth’s surface, rocks tend to break or fracture when
subjected to compressional and tensional stresses.
 Fold
Deep within the crust, where pressure and temperature
are high, rocks are plastic-like; thus, they do not break
but they tend to bend or fold.
Types of Fold
Types of Fold

1. Anticline structures - When blocks of

rock are bent upwards
2. Synclines - are formed when blocks of
rock bend downwards.
3. Monoclines - A slightly bent rock from the
parallel undeformed
THANK
S!
Any questions?
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