Competency#4

1.0 Hour Duration

LST/SOHVS-O/001
 General Learning Objective (GLO)
• The participants will be able to take remedial
action necessary during faults in HV system, use
suitable protection system/relay to take care of
short circuit, over current, earth fault, over voltage
and under voltage faults

LST/SOHVS-O/002
 Specific Learning Objectives (SLO)
• The participants will be able to:
• a) list various types of faults
• b) explain significance of each fault
• c) suggest protection for each type of fault
• d) apply remedial action necessary during faults
• e) explain how the presence of earth faults is
indicated in a HV system with an earthed
neutral.
LST/SOHVS-O/003
 SLO a) list various types of faults
• Types of faults that occur commonly in any
electrical power system are:
• short circuit
• over current/load
• earth fault
• over voltage and
• under voltage

LST/SOHVS-O/004
 SLO b) explain significance of each fault
• Short Circuit: insulation failure between phases or
between phase and earth or both.
• Causes:
• Degradation of insulating materials due to pollution
• Excessive temperature
• Partial discharge in vacuoles (micro pockets)
• Accidental reduction in insulation (due to animals,
tools)
• Destruction due to external causes (hit, hammering)
LST/SOHVS-O/005
 SLO b) explain significance of each fault
• Over current/load:
• Over current occurs mainly due to overloads.
• there is an associated temperature rise
• The permissible temperature rise (deg C) has
limit based on insulation class
A E B F H C
55 70 80 105 130 >130
• protection is provided by thermal relays.
LST/SOHVS-O/006
 SLO b) explain significance of each fault
• Earth Fault:
• fault current flows through return path and
neutral, relatively frequent.

LST/SOHVS-O/007
 SLO b) explain significance of each fault
• Over Voltage:
• Reasons:
• sudden interruption of heavy load
• switching impulses
• Effects:
• over voltage stresses may damage insulation
of various equipment and insulators of the
power system
LST/SOHVS-O/008
 SLO: b) explain significance of each fault
• Under Voltage:
• Causes:
• nature of the loads
• Electrical faults like short circuit and earth
fault

LST/SOHVS-O/009
 SLO: c) suggest protection for each fault
• The number and type of protective functions
increase with kva and voltage rating and criticality
• The components are:
• Circuit breaker: switching device, vacuum type
• Relay: fault sensor (electromagnetic / electronic)
• CT unit: current sensing, stepping down to 1 or 5
amp
• PT unit: voltage sensing, stepping down to 110v
LST/SOHVS-O/010
 SLO: c) suggest protection for each fault
• HV Motor Protection:

LST/SOHVS-O/011
 SLO: c) suggest protection for each fault
HV Generator Protection:

LST/SOHVS-O/012
 SLO: d) apply remedial action
• Remedial Action:
• Check for alarm/trip at main watch station… gives general idea
• Check for relay indication at HV switchboard… gives detailed idea
• Isolate equipment (if not isolated automatically) from healthy system.
• Physically visit respective equipment to know in detail
• Carry out detailed checks / tests ( IR, Continuity, earth connection etc)
• Rectify fault if it can be or call expert from shore
• Do testing again to ascertain that cause of fault is removed.
• Put the equipment in service back again.
• Keep watch on its performance for next 8 hours

LST/SOHVS-O/013
 SLO: e) earth fault indication in HV system
• An HV system is usually earthed via NER.
• earth fault current can be monitored for
alarm/trip by a current transformer and earth
fault relay.

LST/SOHVS-O/014