Seminar report on

safety for power generation ,

transmission & distribution

Submitted by : Abhimanyu Jena

Regd.no:0801214183
Branch: Electrical
Date: 6th sept, 2011
 Layout of slide
• Introduction
• Nature and cause of fault
• Overvoltage protection
• Over current protection
• Electrical fuses
• Circuit breaker
• Conclusion
• Reference
 introduction
 Need for protective system an electrical power system
consists of generator ,transformer , transmission and
distribution lines etc . short circuit and other abnormal
condition often occur on a power system .
 The heavy current associated with short circuit is likely to
cause damage to the equipment.
 If suitable relays and circuit breaker are not provided for the
protection of the each section of the power system.
 Nature and cause of fault
 Faults are caused either by insulation failures or by conducting
path failures.
 The short failure of insulation results in short circuit which are
very harmful as they may damage some equipments of the power
system.
 Most of the faults on transmission and distribution lines are
caused by overvoltage.
 Overvoltage protection
• Cause of over voltage:over voltage arising on a power system
can be generally classified into two main categories
1.External overvoltage :they may be due to the following
causes.
a.Direct lightening causes
b.Electromagnetically induced overvoltages due to lightening
discharge taking place near the lines.
c.Voltage induced due to changing atm condition along the line
length.
d.Electrostatically induced overvoltages due to the presence of
charge clouds nearly.
 Overcurrent protection
 Overcurrent protective schemes: overcurrent protective schemes
are widely used protection of distribution lines.
 For proper selectivity of the relays one of the following schemes can
be employed depending on the systems condition.
1.Time graded system
2.Current graded system
3.A combination time and current grading
 Earth fault and phase fault protection
• A fault which involves ground is called an earth fault.
• Fault which does not involved ground are called phase fault

DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT RELAYS : For the protection against

ground faults only one directional over current relay is
required.
• Its operating principle and construction is similar to the
directional over current relays.
 Electrical fuses:
 In electronics and electrical engg. a fuse is a type of sacrificial over
current protection device.
 Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too
much current flows which interrupt the circuit in which it is connected.
 .fuse:a fuse is a protective device used for protecting cables and
electrical equipments against overload or short circuit.
 .Fuse element(wire):it is part of fuse which melts when the current
flowing in the circuit exceeds a certain predetermined value and thus
breaks the circuit.
 Rated current.
 Minimum fusing current
 Cutoff current
 Arcing time
 Types of fuses
• There are two many type of fuses
1. Rewirable type
(a). Open type
(b). Semi enclosed type
2. Totally enclosed
 Circuit breakers
 The function of a circuit breaker is to isolate the faulty part of the power system in case of
abnormal condition. A protective relay detects abnormal condition and sends a triping
singal to the circuit breaker.
 Classification of circuit breaker
1. Oil circuit breaker
2. Air blast circuit breaker
3. Sf6 circuit breaker
4. Vacuum circuit breaker
Rating of circuit breaker :
A circuit breaker has to performed the following major duties under short circuit
condition .
(a). To open the contact to clear the fault.
(b). To close the contact on to the fault.
(c). To carry fault current for a short time while another circuit breaker is clearing the fault.
Therefore in addition to the rating voltage , current and frequncy circuit breakers have the
following important things
1.Breaking capacity
2. Making capacity
3. Short time cpacity
 Rating of circuit breaker :

A circuit breaker has to performed the following major

duties under short circuit condition .
(a). To open the contact to clear the fault.
(b). To close the contact on to the fault.
(c). To carry fault current for a short time while another
circuit breaker is clearing the fault.
Therefore in addition to the rating voltage , current and
frequncy circuit breakers have the following important
things
1.Breaking capacity
2. Making capacity
3. Short time cpacity
 conclusion

 From this topic I have conclude that if a fault

occurs in an element of the power system ,an
automatic protective device is needed to
isolate the faulty element and quickly to keep
the healthy section of the system in normal
condition
 Reference

 Power system protection and switchgear by

Badri Ram & D.N Viswakarma
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
Thank you