HYDRAULICS & PNEUMATICS

Actuators

Presented by: Dr. Abootorabi

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 Hydraulic Cylinders

 Actuators are the components used in a hydraulic system to provide

power to a required work location.

 Cylinders are the hydraulic system components that convert fluid

pressure and flow into linear mechanical force and movement.

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 Hydraulic Cylinders
 A basic cylinder consists of:

 Piston

 Piston rod

 Barrel

 The piston forms sealed, variable-volume chambers in the

cylinder.

 System fluid forced into the chambers, drives the piston and

rod assembly.
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 Hydraulic Cylinders

 Seals prevent leakage between:

 Piston and cylinder barrel

 Piston rod and head

 Barrel and its end pieces

 Wiper seal, or scraper, prevents dirt and water from entering the

cylinder during rod retraction.

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 Hydraulic Cylinders

 Various seals are used in a cylinder

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 Hydraulic Cylinders
 Various seals are used in a cylinder

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 Hydraulic Cylinders
 Various seals are used in a cylinder

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Hydraulic Cylinders
 Cylinders are typically classified by operating principle:

 Single-acting

 Double-acting

Single-acting Double-acting 8
Hydraulic Cylinders
 Single-acting cylinder exert force either on extension or
retraction:
 They require an outside force to complete the second
motion (either by a spring or by the weight load).

 Double-acting cylinder generate force during both extension and

retraction:
 Directional control valve alternately directs fluid to opposite
sides of the piston
 Force output varies between extension and retraction
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 Hydraulic Cylinders
 Single-acting cylinder

 hydraulic ram (or plunger cylinder): piston and rod form one unit

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Hydraulic Cylinders
 Single-acting cylinder

Scissor lifting table:

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Hydraulic Cylinders
 Double-acting cylinder

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Hydraulic Cylinders
 Double-acting cylinder types:

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Hydraulic Cylinders
 Double-acting cylinder types:

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Hydraulic Cylinders

 Effective piston area is reduced on retraction due to the rod

cross section.

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Hydraulic Cylinders

 Telescoping cylinders are available for applications requiring long

extension distances:
 Rod is made up of several tubes of varying size nested inside
of the barrel
 Each tube extends, producing a rod longer than the cylinder
barrel
 Typical example is the actuator that raises the box on a dump
truck

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Hydraulic Cylinders

 Telescoping cylinders:

 The maximum force

is at the collapsed
position
 The speed will
increase at each
stage, but will not
allow much force

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 Hydraulic Cylinders
 Cylinders often use hydraulic
cushions (to brake high stroke
speeds):
 Provide a controlled
approach to the end of the
stroke
 Reduces the shock of the
impact as the piston
contacts the cylinder head

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Hydraulic Cylinders
 Cylinders with end position cushioning:

 Cushioning is not required

for speeds of v<6 m/min.
 This type of end position
cushioning is used for
stroke speed between 6
m/min and 20 m/min. At
higher speed, additional
cushioning or braking
devices must be used.

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 Hydraulic Cylinders

 A variety of mounting configurations are used to attach the cylinder

body and rod end to machinery:

 Fixed centerline
 Fixed noncenterline
 Pivoting centerline
 Expected cylinder loading is the major factor in the selection of
the mounting style.

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 Hydraulic Cylinders

 Head-end (Fixed centerline) flange mount

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Hydraulic Cylinders

 Fixed-noncenterline mount

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Hydraulic Cylinders

 Pivoting-centerline, clevis mount

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 Hydraulic Cylinders

 Pivoting-centerline, trunnion mount

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 Hydraulic Cylinders
 Types of mounting:

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Hydraulic Cylinders

 The force generated by a cylinder is calculated by multiplying

the effective area of the piston by the system pressure.

F=p.A
 By consideration of
mechanical efficiency:

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Hydraulic Cylinders
 Cylinder characteristics

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 Hydraulic Cylinders
 Cylinder characteristics

dp: cylinder dia.

Ap: cylinder area

dST: piston rod dia.

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Hydraulic Cylinders

 Speed at which the cylinder extends or retracts is determined

by:

 Flow Rate (Q)

 Effective Area (A)

Q [m3/s] = A [m2] X  [m/s]

Effective area Piston velocity

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Hydraulic Cylinders
 Buckling resistance

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Hydraulic Cylinders
 Selecting a cylinder (Example)

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Hydraulic Cylinders
 Selecting a cylinder (Example)

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Hydraulic Cylinders
 Selecting a cylinder (Example)

Buckling resistance diagram:

Reference: Festo Didactic Hydraulic

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 34
Hydraulic Cylinders
 Selecting a cylinder (Example)
Hydraulic Cylinders
 Selecting a cylinder (Example)

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Hydraulic Cylinders
 Selecting a cylinder (Example)

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 Hydraulic Cylinders

 Hydraulic cylinder manufacturers provide detailed specifications and

basic factors such as:

 Bore

 Stroke

 Pressure rating

 Other details, such as service rating, rod end configurations,

and dimensions

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Hydraulic Cylinders
 Typical manufacturer’s catalog page

Bailey International Corporation

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 Limited-Rotation Hydraulic Actuators

 Limited-rotation devices (swivel drive) are actuators with an output

shaft that typically applies torque through approximately 360° of

rotation.

 Models are available that are limited to less than one revolution,

while others may produce several revolutions.

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 Limited-Rotation Hydraulic Actuators

 Most common designs of limited-rotation actuators are:

 Rack-and-pinion

 Vane

 Helical piston and rod

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 Limited-Rotation Hydraulic Actuators
 Rack-and-pinion limited rotation actuator

Here maximum
angle may be
larger than 360°.

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Limited-Rotation Hydraulic Actuators

 Vane limited-rotation actuator

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Limited-Rotation Hydraulic Actuators

 Helical piston and rod limited-rotation actuator

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Limited-Rotation Hydraulic Actuators
 Limited-rotation actuators are used to perform a number of

functions in a variety of industrial situations:

 Indexing devices on machine tools
 Clamping of workpieces
 Operation of large valves

 Limited-rotation actuators
are used in this robotic arm:

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Hydraulic Motors
 Hydraulic motors are called rotary actuators.

 They convert fluid pressure and flow into torque and rotational

movement.

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Hydraulic Motors
 System fluid enters the housing and applies pressure to the

rotating internal parts.

 This, in turn, moves the power output shaft and applies torque

to rotate a load.

 Primary parts that produce the rotating motion in most

hydraulic motors are either:

 Gears
 Vanes
 Pistons
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 Hydraulic Motors

 The external gear hydraulic motor is the most common and simplest

of the basic motor types:

 Unbalanced load on the bearings

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Hydraulic Motors

 The most common internal gear motor has a gerotor design

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Hydraulic Motors

 Basic vane motor (unbalanced)

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Hydraulic Motors

 A basic, balanced vane motor

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Hydraulic Motors

 Axial piston motors are

available in two
configurations:
 Inline
 Bent axis

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Hydraulic Motors

 Inline piston motor

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Hydraulic Motors

 Inline piston motor

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Hydraulic Motors

 Bent-axis piston motor

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Hydraulic Motors

 Radial piston motor

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 Hydraulic Motors

 Hydraulic motors may be incorporated into circuits using series or

parallel connections:

 Series circuits: total system pressure is determined by adding the

loads placed on each unit

 Parallel circuits: each motor receives full system pressure; loads

must be matched or equal flow supplied to each motor if

constant speed is desired from each unit

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Hydraulic Motors

 Motors in series

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Hydraulic Motors

 Motors in parallel

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Hydraulic Motors

 Motors in parallel with flow control

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Hydraulic Motors

 Hydraulic motor formulas:

Power:
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The end.

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