Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Computer Architecture
CT049-3-1-OS&CA
Ver: VD1
• Use of Registers
– Scratchpad for currently executing program
• Holds data needed quickly or frequently
– Stores information about status of CPU and currently executing
program
• Address of next program instruction
• Signals from external devices
• General Purpose Registers
– User-visible registers
– Hold intermediate results or data values, e.g., loop counters
– Equivalent to LMC’s calculator
– Typically several dozen in current CPUs
• ROM
– Read-only Memory
– Holds software that is not expected to change over
the life of the system
• EEPROM
– Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM
• Flash Memory
– Faster than disks but more expensive
– Uses hot carrier injection to store bits of data
– Slow rewrite time compared to RAM
– Useful for nonvolatile portable computer storage
Shared among
multiple devices
• Stack instructions
– LIFO method for organizing information
– Items removed in the reverse order from that in which they
are added
Push Pop
• OPCODE: task
• Source OPERAND(s)
Addresses
• Result OPERAND
– Location of data (register, memory)
• Explicit: included in instruction
• Implicit: default assumed
Source Result
OPCODE
OPERAND OPERAND
Simple
32-bit
Instruction
Format
• Instruction
– Direction given to a computer
– Causes electrical or optical signals to be sent through specific
circuits for processing
• Instruction set
– Design defines functions performed by the processor
– Differentiates computer architecture by the
• Number of instructions
• Complexity of operations performed by individual instructions
• Data types supported
• Format (layout, fixed vs. variable length)
• Use of registers
• Addressing (size, modes)
• The instruction cycle is divided into two phases. Name each phase. The first
phase is the same for every instruction. What is the purpose of the first
phase that makes this true?
• What are the criteria that define a von Neumann architecture? How does the
addition of two numbers illustrate each of the criteria?
• What is the difference between volatile and nonvolatile memory? Is RAM
volatile or nonvolatile? Is ROM volatile or nonvolatile?
• Registers perform a very important role in the fetch-execute cycle. What is
the function of registers in the fetch-execute instruction cycle?
• Explain each of the fetch part of the fetch-execute cycle. At the end of the
fetch operation, what is the status of the instruction? Specifically, what has
the fetch operation achieved that prepares the instruction for execution?
• Explain the similarity between this operation and the corresponding
operation performed steps performed by the Little Man.
The workings of the computer can be simulated by a simple model. The Little Man Computer model consists
of a Little Man in a mailroom with mailboxes, a calculator, and a counter. Input and output baskets provide
communication to the outside world. The Little Man Computer meets all the qualifications of a von Neumann
computer architecture.
The Little Man performs work by following simple instructions, which are described by three-digit numbers.
The first digit specifies an operation. The last two digits are used for various purposes, but most commonly to
point to an address. The instructions provide operations that can move data between the mail slots and the
calculator, move data between the calculator and the input and output baskets, perform addition and
subtraction, and allow the Little Man to stop working. There are also instructions that cause the Little Man
to change the order in which instructions are executed, either unconditionally or based on the value in the
calculator.
Q&A
CT049-3-1-OS&CA CPU & Memory 45 of 46
Next