Oedema

The Functions of
the Lymphatic
System
:The functions of the lymphatic system

:Keeps fluid levels in the body

It is a source of excess fluid from all areas of the body that drains and returns it
.to the bloodstream from cells and tissues and circulated through the body (1)
:The functions of the lymphatic system
:Absorbs the digestive tract’s fats
Fluids containing proteins and fats within the lymph move
.from the digestive system into the bloodstream (1)
:The functions of the lymphatic system
:Protects the human body from foreign invaders
Lymphocytes, known as white blood cells, are produced by the lymphatic
system and other immune cells that track invaders and then kill them,
.such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that penetrate the body (1)
The Structure of
the Lymphatic
System
 Lymph and lymph vessels
• Definition
• Function:
- lymph vessels are similar to veins
- valves
- smooth muscles
Lymphatic tissue

Lymphoid tissue

Reticular Lymphatic
tissue tissue
 Lymphoid
Tissue

Diffuse
Lymphatic Lymphatic
lymphatic
nodules organs
tissue

In C.T of small Spleen

organs Palatine Pharyngeal Lingual
tonsils tonsil tonsils
Thymus

Lymph nodes
Lymphatic organs

Lymphoid
organs

Lymph Thymus Spleen

nodes
 Lymph nodes
definition •
location •
function •
Spleen
• Definition
• Functions:
- recycle RBCs
- store WBCs
- fight bacteria
Thymus
Definition •
behind sternum -
has 2 lobes -
:Function •
the site of T- lymphocyte maturation -
.development . and control
The Definition
of Edema
:The definition of edema

:Definition •
.Is swelling caused by the abnormal buildup of fluid in the body(3)

:Symptoms(2) •
.Increased abdominal size -
.Stretched or shiny skin -
.Swelling or puffiness of the tissue directly under your skin -
The Types
of Edema
:The types of edema

:Pulmonary edema •
When fluid collects in the alveoli, which are the tiny airbags in the
lungs, this is known as pulmonary edema, which makes it arduous to
.breathe. It causes respiratory failure (4)

:Symptoms
.Feeling short of breath (5)
.Cough (5)
.Excess weight in the legs, especially (5)
:The types of edema

:Peripheral edema •
It results from capillary over-filtration, which limits lymph
.drainage to fluid accumulation in the interstitial space (6)

:Symptoms
.Swelling of the affected area (7)
.The skin becomes warmer and taut (7)
.Sensation of pain and stiffness (7)
:The types of edema

:Ascites edema •
It happens as a result of the aggregation of fluid between two membrane layers,
and together they form something known as the peritoneum in turn. This build-
.up takes place in the abdominal area, and this is known as edema of ascites (8)

:Symptoms
.Lack of eating (8)
.Exhaustion and fatigue (8)
.Urinary urgency (8)
.Difficulty moving (8)
:The types of edema

:Cerebral edema •
As the fluid builds up inside the brain, intracranial pressure occurs, and
.so elevated pressure inside the brain induces cerebral edema (9)

:Symptoms
.Talking problems (10)
.A constant feeling of dizziness, nausea, and headache (10)
.Loss of memory (10)
.Mood oscillations (10)
The Causes
of Edema
:The causes of edema

Lifestyle -1
obesity, sitting or standing for a long time and eating salty food
,All these lead to an increase in pressure
Inside the vessels that cause the fluid
.The capillaries leak out and accumulate(3)
:The types of edema

Being Pregnancy (2) -2

During pregnancy, a woman tends to retain more of sodium and -
water than the normal one but releases hormones which promote
.fluid retention
When a woman is laid down during pregnancy, the swollen uterus will -
press a vena called the lower vena cava. This can block the femoral
.veins, which contribute to edema
:The causes of edema

diseases -3
Congestive heart failure •
:The causes of edema

Liver Cirrhosis -4
:The causes of edema

Kidney disease -5
Leads to extra fluid and sodium in blood circulation
:The causes of edema

Weakness or damage to leg veins -6

:The causes of edema

Medications -7
 Hypertension drugs -
Estrogens -
Some diabetes medication -
Lymphedema
:Definition of lymphedema ●
Is an accumulation of lymph fluid in the adipose tissues, i.e.(difficulty in draining
lymph fluid). It most times occurs in the leg and arm. (1,2)

:Symptoms of lymphedema ●
The common symptom that appears in all or part of the body is "swelling". (3) ◎
The skin becomes hard and tight. (3) •
The movement becomes difficult. (3) •
Folds appears in the skin. (3) •
:Types of lymphedema ●

Primary lymphedema: is hereditary condition occurs due a mutation in genes -1

that responsible for the lymphatic system development. (4)

Secondary lymphedema (more common): it caused by another disease or -2

condition that damages lymph nodes or lymph vessels. (5)

:Main causes
• Infections. (5)
Radiation treatment for cancer. (5) •
Cancer. (5) •
Surgery. (5) •
:The types of edema

• Infections: An infection of the lymph nodes or parasites can restrict the

flow of lymph fluid. (5)

Radiation treatment for cancer: Radiation can cause scarring and •

inflammation of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels. (5)

Cancer: If cancer cells block lymphatic vessels, lymphedema may result. (5) •

Surgery: Removal of or injury to lymph nodes and lymph vessels may result •
in lymphedema. (5)
 Breast cancer surgery and lymphedema

Adjoining lymph nodes usually are removed during

breast cancer surgery. (6)

This led to blockages and scarring, and increasing the

risk of lymphedema injury. (6)

As a result, the lymph flow is obstructed, which may

cause lymphedema. (6)
Breast cancer surgery and lymphedema

After injury
:Treatment of lymphedema
Compression devices: it is a pump attached to compression tubes, which takes •
pressure off the limb. (10)

Massage: it allows fluid to move towards functional lymph vessels areas, therefore •
fluid is carried away. (10)

Bandages: it helps lymph fluid be pushed to the body trunk. (10) •

Compression devices Massage Bandages

References
G. Klein D. Lymphatic System: Parts & Common Problems [Internet]. Available at: .1
.https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21199-lymphatic-system [cited 1 November 2020]

Jan Blice, Renee Brown-Bakewell. UBMC: Children Hospital of Pittsburgh [Internet]. Available at: .2
https://www.chp.edu/our-services/transplant/liver/education/organs/spleen-information [accessed 5
.November 2020]

WebMD (n.d). “What is edema?” [Internet]. Available at: https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/heart- .3

.failure/edema-overview#1 [accessed on 17 November 2020]

Brunner S. Pulmonary edema: Treatment, causes, and symptoms [Internet]. Available at: .4
.https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167533 [Accessed 30 October 2020]

Krause L. Pulmonary Edema: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment [Internet]. Available at: .5
.https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-edema [Accessed 30 October 2020]
Hampton L. Peripheral Edema [Internet]. Available at: .6
.https://www.physio-pedia.com/Peripheral_Edema#cite_note-:1-1 [Accessed 30 October 2020]

Hecht M. Peripheral Edema: Definition, Causes, and Treatment [Internet]. Available at: .7
.https://www.healthline.com/health/peripheral-edema#symptoms [cited 31 October 2020]

Ingleson K. Ascites: Causes, symptoms, and treatment [Internet]. Available at: .8 .8

.https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318775#what_is_ascites [cited 31 October 2020]

Kandola A. Cerebral edema: Symptoms, causes, treatment, outlook [Internet]. Available from: .14 .9
.https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322475 [cited 31 October 2020]
Anthony K. Cerebral Edema: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment [Internet]. Available from: .15 .10
.https://www.healthline.com/health/cerebral-edema#symptoms [cited 31 October 2020]

Nordqvist, C (2017). “Everything you need to know about edema” [Internet]. Available at: .
.https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159111.php[accessed on 8 October 2019]
 Mayo Clinic Staff. Edema [Internet]. Available at: .16
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20366493[accessed 5
.November 2020]

American Cancer Society. What Is Lymphedema? [Internet]. Available at: .17

.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/physical-side-effects/lymphedema/what-is-
a.html
. [cited 2 November 2020]

Mayoclinic. Lymphedema - Symptoms and causes [Internet]. Available at: .18

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lymphedema/symptoms-causes/syc-20374682 [cited 2
.November 2020]

NHS.uk. Lymphoedema [Internet]. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Lymphoedema/ [cited 2 .19

.November 2020]

NHS.uk. Lymphoedema - Causes [Internet]. Available at: .20

.https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lymphoedema/causes/ [cited 3 November 2020]
 Mayoclinic. Lymphedema - Symptoms and causes [Internet]. Available at: .21
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lymphedema/symptoms-causes/syc-20374682 [cited 3
.November 2020]

Johns Hopkins Medicine. Breast Cancer: Lymphedema After Treatment [Internet]. Available at: .22
hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/breast-cancer/breast-cancer-lymphed
atment
. [cited 3 November 2020]

WebMD. What Is Lymphedema? [Internet]. Available at: .23

.https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-lymphedema#2-5 [cited 3 November 2020]