OMAN DENTAL COLLEGE

HUMAN STRUCTURE I - Course Coordinator: Dr. Ayida Al-Wahaibi

SEMESTER I - 2020/2021 - Seminar Groups Presentations Schedule

Kindly read all the seminar topics before choosing your topic and forming
groups.

Sr. No. Topic Date

1 Presentation-1: Bone diseases Tue. 03.11.2020

2 Presentation-2: Muscular Dystrophy (MD) Tue. 10.11.2020

3 Presentation-3: A Case of Iron Deficiency Tue. 17.11.2020

4 Presentation-4: Causes of Oedema Tue. 24.11.2020

5 Presentaion-5: Diseases or Abnormalities of

Tue. 01.12.2020
Epithelial Tissue
6 Presentaion-6: Coronary artery diseases Tue. 08.12.2020

7 Presentaion-7: Biliary Tract Diseases Tue. 15.12.2020

8 Presentaion-8: A Case of Spinal Cord Injury Tue. 22.12.2020

 Anatomy Seminar Topic 1

Topic: Bone Diseases

Presenting Groups:

1.4-1, Tue. 03.11.2020 @ 09:30-10:30

1.1-1, Tue. 03.11.2020 @ 15:00-16:00

Bones help us move, give us shape and support our body. They are living tissues that rebuild constantly
throughout our life. During childhood and teens, our body adds new bone faster than it removes old
bone. After about age 20, we can lose bone faster than we make bone. Bone diseases can make bones
easy to break. Different kinds of bone problems include; Low bone density and osteoporosis, which
make your bones weak and more likely to break. Osteogenesis imperfecta makes your bones brittle.
Bones can also develop cancer and infections. Other bone diseases, which are caused by poor
nutrition, genetics, or problems with the rate of bone growth or rebuilding.

Objectives:

1. Describe the anatomical and histological structure of bones.

2. What are the diseases of the bone?
3. What is degenerative osteoarthritis?
4. What is the difference between arthritis and osteoarthritis?
5. How can bone disease interfere with the functions of bones.
 Anatomy Seminar Topic 2

Topic: Muscular Dystrophy (MD)

Presenting Groups:

1.4-2, Tue. 10.11.2020 @ 09:30-10:30

1.1-2, Tue. 10.11.2020 @ 15:00-16:00

Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of muscle diseases that weaken the musculoskeletal system and
hamper locomotion. Muscular dystrophies are characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness,
defects in muscle proteins, and the death of muscle cells and tissue.

Objectives:

1. Describe the anatomy of skeletal muscles (macroscopic & microscopic structures).

2. Describe the structure of the neuromuscular junction and the process of skeletal muscle
excitation and contraction.
3. Define Muscular dystrophy.
4. Describe the types, sing and symptoms of the disease.
5. What are the treatment options in treatment MD?
6. How is Muscular dystrophy different Myasthenia Gravis (MG)?
 Anatomy Seminar Topic 3
Topic: A Case of Iron Deficiency Anemia

Presenting Groups:
1.4-3, Tue. 17.11.2020 @ 09:30-10:30

1.1-3, Tue. 17.11.2020 @ 15:00-16:00

Case Presentation

Alia is a 28-year-old attorney living in Portland, Oregon. Alia is in the second trimester of pregnancy
with her first child, and though her pregnancy had been progressing normally, recently she has noticed
that she tires very easily and is short of breath from even the slightest exertion. She also has
experienced periods of light-headedness, though not to the point of fainting. Other changes she has
noticed are cramping in her legs, a desire to crunch on ice, and the fact that her tongue is sore. She
doubts that all of these symptoms are related to one another, but she is concerned, and she makes an
appointment to see her physician.

Upon examining Alia, her physician finds that she has tachycardia, pale gums and nail beds, and her
tongue is swollen. Given her history and the findings on her physical exam, the physician suspects that
Alia is anemic and orders a sample of her blood for examination. The results are shown below:

Table 1. Blood Sample Results

Red Blood Cell Count 3.5 million/mm3
Hemoglobin (Hb) 7 g/dl
Hematocrit (Hct) 30%
Serum Iron low
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) low
Mean Corpuscular Hb Concentration (MCHC) low
Total Iron Binding Capacity in the Blood (TIBC) high

A diagnosis of anemia due to iron deficiency is made and oral iron supplements prescribed. Alias’
symptoms are eliminated within a couple of weeks and the remainder of her pregnancy progresses
without difficulty.
Questions

1. Describe the structure of a molecule of hemoglobin and explain the role played by iron in the
transport of oxygen.
2. How is iron stored and transported in the body?
3. What is Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) and how frequently does it occur?
4. What are the most common causes of IDA?
5. Why are women more prone to IDA than men?
6. What are the oral signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia
7. What are the red blood cell indices, and what tests are diagnostic for IDA?
8. How is IDA treated and prevented?
 Anatomy Seminar Topic 4

Topic: Causes of Oedema

Presenting Groups:

1.4-4, Tue. 24.11.2020 @ 09:300-10:30

1.1-4, Tue. 24.11.2020 @ 15:00-16:00

Oedema is the medical term for fluid retention in the body. The build-up of fluid causes
affected tissue to become swollen. The swelling can occur in one particular part of the
body or it can be more general.
Objectives

1. Describe the structure and functions of the lymphatic system.

2. Define oedema.
3. What are the types of oedema?
4. What are the causes of oedema?
5. Discus the causes and types of lymphedema.
 Anatomy Seminar Topic 5

Topic: Diseases or Abnormalities in the Epithelial Tissue

Presenting Groups:

1.4-5, Tue. 01.12.2020 @ 09:300-10:30

1.1-5, Tue. 01.12.2020 @ 15:00-16:00

There are many diseases and abnormalities involving the epithelium, ranging from physical accidents
(such as burns), to cancer, infection, allergies, hypersensitivity and specific auto-immune diseases of
the epithelia, ranging from mild to severe.

Objectives

1. Describe the histology of epithelial tissue.

2. Describe how factors such as viruses, bacteria and excessive consumption of coffee affect the
epithelial lining of the stomach?

3. Define mouth ulcers and describe their causes, treatment and presentation.

4. Briefly describe other diseases or abnormalities of epithelial tissue.

 Anatomy Seminar Topic 6

Topic: Coronary Artery Diseases (CAD)

Presenting Groups:
1.4-6, Tue. 08.12.2020 @ 09:300-10:30

1.1-6, Tue. 08.12.2020 @ 15:00-16:00

Coronary arteries, two blood vessels that branch from the aorta close to its point of departure from
the heart and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. Both arteries supply blood to the walls of
both lower chambers (ventricles) and to the partition between the chambers.

Objectives:

1. Describe the anatomy and histology of the heart muscle.

2. Briefly describe the major blood supply to the heart.

3. What Is Coronary Artery Disease?

4. Describe the sing and symptoms of coronary artery diseases.

5. What Causes Coronary Artery Disease?

6. How Is Coronary Artery Disease Diagnosed?

7. How Is Coronary Artery Disease Treated?

8. How Can Coronary Artery Disease Be Prevented or Delayed?

9. Describe the relationship between oral disease and heart diseases.

 Anatomy Seminar Topic 7

Topic: Biliary Tract Diseases

Presenting Groups:
1.4-7, Tue. 15.12.2020 @ 09:300-10:30

1.1-7, Tue. 15.12.2020 @ 15:00-16:00

A 42-year-old overweight female had recurrent episodes of sharp, aching, right upper quadrant
abdominal pain over the previous 3 months. Pain generally occurred within 2 hours after eating and
was particularly severe after fatty meals. Typically it lasted 30 minutes to 2 hours and then gradually
subsided. She experienced associated nausea and occasional vomiting but no changes in bowel habits
nor weight loss. Pain was not relieved by antacids or mild analgesics nor by vomiting or bowel
movements. Both her mother and maternal aunt had undergone cholecystectomy. The patient was
scheduled for an outpatient ultrasound examination of the gallbladder and was instructed to avoid
fatty foods. Three days later she experienced a severe episode of right upper quadrant pain that
persisted over a 24-hour period with nausea, repeated episodes of vomiting, and, for the first time,
fever. Because the pain was more severe, progressive, and prolonged than previously, she came to the
emergency department. Her temperature was 38.3°C. Marked right upper quadrant abdominal
tenderness was noted with voluntary guarding and arrest of inspiration on deep palpation (positive
Murphy’s sign). The WBC count was 13.1, 103/mm3, Hb 13 g/dl, Hct 40%, total bilirubin 0.9 g/dl,
alkaline phosphatase 105IU/L (normal <110), ALT 42 units/ml (normal <45), and AST 36 units/ml
(normal <40). Serum amylase and lipase levels were normal. An ultrasound examination showed a
dilated gallbladder containing multiple stones, with a thickened wall, and pericholecystic fluid. The
common bile duct measured 0.6 cm in diameter; the liver, pancreas, and right kidney appeared
normal. She was admitted to the hospital, made NPO, and begun on intravenous fluids, broad
spectrum antibiotics, and parenteral analgesics. Within 24 hours her pain and fever subsided and her
WBC count returned to normal. Two days later, she underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The
gallbladder was noted to be distended, inflamed, and edematous.
Objectives

1. Describe the anatomical and histological structure of the liver, the gall bladder and the
duodenum.
2. Describe the process of bile production and secretion.
3. Define biliary tract diseases.
4. What are the symptoms of biliary tract diseases?
5. What causes biliary tract diseases and why patients are instructed to avoid fatty foods?
6. Define Murphy’s sign.
7. What is the aim of laboratory examination of patients with biliary tract disease?
8. The patient’s Serum amylase and lipase levels were normal. What does this indicate?
9. Define and describe laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedure.
 Anatomy Seminar Topic 8

Topic: A Case of Spinal Cord Injury

Presenting Groups:

1.4-8, Tue. 22.12.2020 @ 09:300-10:30

1.1-8, Tue. 22.12.2020 @ 15:00-16:00

Case Presentation

Mohammed is a 21-year-old senior at the ODC. While on spring break, Mohammed was involved in a
one-vehicle motorcycle accident. In the accident, Mohammed was thrown from his bike to the
pavement, landing on his back. A police officer witnessed the accident and immediately called for
medical assistance. Emergency personnel arrived within minutes, and upon recognizing the
seriousness of Mohammed’s back injury, immobilized his neck and secured him to a rigid board prior
to transporting him to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.

When he arrived at the hospital, Mohammed was conscious and complained of pain in his lower back.
Upon examination by the emergency room personnel, Mohammed was found to have numerous
abrasions and contusions, and loss of both sensation and motor control of his legs. After he was
stabilized, a complete neurological exam was performed to assess and localize Mohammed’s injury.
The neurological exam revealed the following:

Mohammed demonstrated normal or near normal strength in flexing and extending his elbows,
extending his wrists, and when flexing his middle finger and abducting his little finger on both hands.
However, he exhibited no movement when medical personnel tested his ability to flex his hips, extend
his knees, and dorsiflex his ankles. Stretch reflexes involving the biceps, brachioradialis, and triceps
muscles were found to be normal, while those involving the patella and ankle were absent. In addition,
Mohammed was found to have normal sensitivity to pin prick and light touch in areas of his body
above the level of his inguinal (groin) region, but not below that region of the body.

Questions

1. Describe the functional anatomy of the spinal cord using the following terms: white matter,
gray matter, tracts, roots, and spinal nerves.
2. Define the terms reflex and spinal reflex, and identify the components of a reflex arc.
3. Define the term spinal cord injury (SCI).
4. Define the terms dermatome and myotome and explain how each relates to SCI.
5. Define the term stretch reflex and describe how such reflexes are used to anatomically localize
SCI.
6. Based upon the results of Mohammed’s neurological exam, what is the neurological level of his
SCI?