TEKHNIK

PANORAMIK DAN
SEFALOMETRI
Sefalometri
TECHNIQUE AND POSITIONING
1. The patient is positioned within the cephalostat, with the sagittal plane of the head vertical and
parallel to the image receptor and with the Frankfort plane horizontal.
2. The teeth should generally be in maximum intercuspation  Sentric occlusion (pasien diminta
menelan ludah)
3. The head is immobilized carefully within the apparatus with the plastic ear rods beingg Inserted in
MEA
4. The aluminium wedge, if used, is positioned to cover the anterior part of the image receptor.
5. The equipment is designed to ensure that when the patient is positioned correctly, the X-ray beam is
horizontal and centred on the ear rods
Panoramik
TECHNIQUE AND POSITIONING
Patient preparation
• Patients should be asked to remove any earrings jewellery, hair pins, spectacles, dentures or orthodontic
appliances.
• The procedure and equipment movement should be explained, to reassure patients and if necessary use a
test exposure
Equipment preparation
• The cassette containing the film or phosphor plate should be inserted into carriage assembly (if
appropriate).
• The operator should put on suitable protective gloves (e.g. latex or nitrile).
• The collimation should be set to the size of field required.
• The appropriate exposure factors should be selected according to the size of the patient — typically in
range 70–90 kV and 4–12 mA.
Patient positioning
• The patient should be positioned in the unit so that their spine is straight and instructed to hold any
stabilizing supports or handles provide.
• The patient should be instructed to bite their upper and lower incisors edge-to-edge on the bite-peg with
their chin in good contact wit the chin support.
• The head should be immobilized using the temple supports.
• The light beam markers should be used so that the mid-sagittal plane is vertical, the Frankfort plane is
horizontal and the canine light lies between the upper lateral incisor and canine.
• The patient should be instructed to close their lips and press their tongue on the roof of their mouth so
that it is in contact with their hard palate and not to move throughout the exposur cycle (approximately
15–18 seconds).
Important points to note
• Panoramic radiography is generally considered to be unsuitable for children under six years old, because
of the length of the exposure and the need for the patient to keep still.
• A protective lead apron should not be used. In the UK the 2001 Guidance Notes confirm that there is no
justification for using a protective lead apron. If used, it can interfere with the final image
After exposure
• The temple supports should release automatically to enable the patient to leave the machine.
• The equipment should be wiped down with a surface disinfectant and the bite-peg sterilized
• Gloves should be discarded as clinical waste.
• The film or phosphor plate should be processed.
Terima kasih