Day 2 Session 1 Module 4

Measuring Association Between Two

Variables
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of this session participants will be able to:
1. Generate the cross-tabulation between two qualitative variables using SPSS
2. Generate Mean comparison table using SPSS
3. Generate chart (side by side bar chart) to visualize findings of cross tabulation in excel
4. Convert the quantitative variable into categorical variables in SPSS
5. Interpret and report the findings of cross-tabulation and mean comparisons
 Cross-tabulation
It is used to understand and measure the association between two qualitative variables.
variables may have any number of categories. It is more frequently used method of
measuring the association be two qualitative variables.

Example of cross-tabulation between scale of business and entity determining the price of
the product.

Table : Who determines the price of your product? By scale of business [Base= 1023]
  Scale of Business
All Micro Scale Small Scale Medium Scale
  Business Business Business
Market 76 79 77 62
Middle men 3 2 3 4
Syndicate 20 17 20 28
Regulating agency 2 2 1 6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Findings Cross-tabulation in SPSS: Taking column sum as the base to find the
percent.
Example: From Database 1 find the cross tabulation between ownership and service
in SPSS

IV= DV=
Ownership Service

Analyze Descriptive statistics Crosstabs

Then from comprehensive list of variables in the left side of the box select the dependent variable and send to
row box of right side and select independent variable and sent to column box of right side. Then click on cells
and then select the “column” of percentages box. Then click on continue and then on OK.

Then SPSS will generate the following output

SPSS Output
Cross tabulation between the variables types of ownership and types of service: Taking column sum as the base
to calculate the percent of each cell.
Type of hospital * Type of Ownership Cross tabulation
      Type of Ownership

      Government/ Nongovernment/ Federal

Nonfederal Not-for-profit For-profit government Total
Type of hospital General Medical Count 38 82 33 15 168
% within Type of 74.5% 95.3% 73.3% 83.3% 84.0%
Ownership
Psychiatric Count 13 4 12 3 32
% within Type of 25.5% 4.7% 26.7% 16.7% 16.0%
Ownership
Total Count 51 86 45 18 200
% within Type of 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Ownership
Exercise 1: Cross tabulation taking column sum
as the base to calculate the percent in SPSS
Participant’s refection
Question-Answer
Findings Cross-tabulation in SPSS: Taking row sum as the base to find the
percent.
Example: From Database 1 find the cross tabulation between ownership and service
in SPSS

IV= DV=
Ownership Service

Analyze Descriptive statistics Crosstabs

Then from comprehensive list of variables in the left side of the box select the dependent variable and send to
row box of right side and select independent variable and sent to column box of right side. Then click on cells
and then select the “row” of percentages box. Then click on continue and then on OK.

Then SPSS will generate the following output

SPSS Output
Cross tabulation between the variables types of ownership and types of service: Taking row sum as the base to
calculate the percent of each cell.

Type of hospital * Type of Ownership Crosstabulation

Type of Ownership
Nonfederal Federal
  Government Not-for-profit For-profit government Total
Type of General Medical Count 38 82 33 15 168
hospital % within Type of
hospital 22.6% 48.8% 19.6% 8.9% 100.0%
Psychiatric Count 13 4 12 3 32
% within Type of 40.6% 12.5% 37.5% 9.4% 100.0%
hospital
Total Count 51 86 45 18 200
% within Type of 25.5% 43.0% 22.5% 9.0% 100.0%
hospital
Exercise 2: Cross tabulation taking row sum
as the base to calculate the percent in SPSS
Participant’s refection
Question-Answer
Findings Cross-tabulation in SPSS: Taking grand sum as the base to find the
percent.
Example: From Database 1 find the cross tabulation between ownership and service
in SPSS

IV= DV=
Ownership Service

Analyze Descriptive statistics Crosstabs

Then from comprehensive list of variables in the left side of the box select the dependent variable and send to
row box of right side and select independent variable and sent to column box of right side. Then click on cells
and then select the “total” of percentages box. Then click on continue and then on OK.

Then SPSS will generate the following output

 SPSS Output
Cross tabulation between the variables types of ownership and types of service: Taking grand sum as the base to
calculate the percent of each cell.

Type of hospital * Type of Ownership Cross tabulation

Type of Ownership
Nonfederal Not-for- Federal
  Government profit For-profit government Total
Type of hospital General Medical Count 38 82 33 15 168
% of Total 19.0% 41.0% 16.5% 7.5% 84.0%
Psychiatric Count 13 4 12 3 32
% of Total 6.5% 2.0% 6.0% 1.5% 16.0%
Total Count 51 86 45 18 200
% of Total 25.5% 43.0% 22.5% 9.0% 100.0%
Exercise 3: Cross tabulation taking grand sum
as the base to calculate the percent in SPSS
Participant’s refection
Question-Answer
Findings Cross-tabulation in SPSS: Between one multiple response variable
and one single response variable
Example: From Database 2 find the cross tabulation between B2 and Ecological region
in SPSS

IV= DV=
Ecological region B2

Analyze Tables Custom tables

Then from comprehensive list of variables in the left side of the box select the dependent variable (B2M) and
drag in row the click on “summary statistics” and select column responses % (Base: count) then send to right
side under display box using arrow bottom. Then click on “apply to selection”. Then do click on click on
“categories and totals” the select “total” then click on apply.
Then select independent variable from the list of variables of the left side , here is ecological regions then drag
it to column then click on “categories and totals” the select “total” then click on apply. Then finally do click on
OK.

Then SPSS will generate the following output

 SPSS Output
B2. Why do you think that Nepal is going in the right direction? By ecological regions [Base = 3812] (Percentage based on multiple
responses)
  Ecological Regions  
  Mountain Hill Tarai Total
Column Response % (Base: Column Response % Column Response % Column Response %
  Count) (Base: Count) (Base: Count) (Base: Count)
The economy of Nepal is getting better overall 26.8% 13.4% 7.8% 11.8%
It is easier to find work / make a living 4.4% 5.9% 4.4% 5.1%
Basic goods are more affordable .6% 1.8% .9% 1.2%
Better food is available and affordable .9% .6% .6% .6%
The new constitution brings positive change 13.2% 16.0% 10.1% 12.9%
No more monarchy 1.7% 1.7% 1.3% 1.5%
Nepal is no longer a Hindu state 1.3% .9% 1.0% 1.0%
Federalism brings positive change overall 4.9% 6.9% 4.3% 5.5%
The replacement of the old development regions by new provinces brings positive change 5.4% 5.5% 6.1% 5.8%
The establishment of new municipalities/rural municipalities with more power brings positive change 11.6% 11.3% 16.2% 13.7%
Improvements in democracy and civic freedoms .2% 2.6% 2.2% 2.2%
Local elections bring positive change 10.8% 15.1% 12.0% 13.2%
National government and/or political leaders are better now 0.0% .9% .9% .8%
Local government and/or political leaders are better now 4.6% 5.4% 3.4% 4.4%
Political parties work better together now 1.9% 3.4% 5.8% 4.5%
There are less political protests and strikes (bandhs) 3.7% 3.6% 5.0% 4.3%
Less corruption / extortion 3.3% 2.2% 1.9% 2.2%
Better roads 13.8% 14.1% 15.0% 14.5%
Access to education is improving 9.6% 5.5% 7.0% 6.6%
Drinking water supply is improving 2.9% 4.4% 1.7% 2.9%
Electricity supply is improving 7.6% 10.7% 8.0% 9.1%
Access to health care is improving 3.2% 2.0% 1.8% 2.0%
Post-earthquake recovery is going well 5.0% 2.0% 2.4% 2.5%
Relations between castes, ethnic groups, religious groups are improving 5.0% 4.0% 5.8% 5.0%
The situation of women is improving 5.1% 10.3% 5.6% 7.5%
There is no armed conflict anymore/ there is peace 6.8% 8.8% 9.9% 9.1%
There is less crime, criminals are brought to justice 2.2% 2.9% 3.8% 3.3%
The problems of conflict victims are addressed .4% 2.2% 2.4% 2.1%
Climate conditions are getting better… 1.8% 2.0% 3.8% 2.8%
Overall there is progress 18.5% 12.1% 19.4% 16.2%
No reasons 0.0% .6% .9% .7%
First choice Other Specify 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Second Choice Other Specify 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Refused 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Don’t know 1.5% 1.0% 1.7% 1.4%
Total 178.8% 180.1% 173.1% 176.6%
 Exercise 4: Cross tabulation one
multiple response variable and one
single response variable in SPSS
Participant’s refection
Question-Answer
 Mean Comparison
It is used to find the variation of mean of one quantitative variable across the different
categories of qualitative variable. for example, if someone is interested to the difference of
income of people by gender then method is used to get this answer.
Mean comparison in SPSS

Example: From database 1, compare the mean payroll expenditure (DV) by types
of ownership of the organization (IV)

Analyze Compare Means Means

Then from comprehensive list of variables in the left side of the box select the dependent variable (payroll
expenditure) and then send to dependent list of right side and select independent variable (types of ownership)
and then send to independent list of right side. Then click on option and then select the mean and number of
cases or you can select any one which you need to calculate from the list and send to cell statistics using radio
button. Then click on continue and then on OK.

Then SPSS will generate the following output

SPSS Output

Table : Average payroll expenditure by types of ownership

Table: Descriptive statistics of Payroll expenditures by types of ownership

     
Type of Ownership Mean N Std. Deviation
Nonfederal Government 32747 51 40794
Not-for-profit 36566 86 33375
For-profit 15265 45 16640
Federal government 33248 18 22907
Total 30501 200 32716
Exercise 5: Mean comparison in SPSS
Participant’s refection
Question-Answer