Day 2 Session 1 Module 3

Univariate Data Analysis in SPSS

Learning Outcomes:
By the end of this session participants will be able to:
1. Generate frequency and percentage table of single response qualitative variable using SPSS
2. Generate frequency and percentage table of Multiple response qualitative variable using SPSS
3. Generate the descriptive statistics such as mean, Standard deviation, range of quantitative variables
4. Generate charts to visualize the findings of single response and multiple response using excel
5. Interpret and report the findings Such as percentage table, mean, standard deviation etc.
 Frequency Analysis in SPSS
Frequency Analysis:
Frequency and percentage analysis is used to analyze the qualitative variables. Here,
frequency and percentage of each categories of the variable is generated to summaries
the findings of the variables.

If the variable is single response then sum of the total percentage of each categories is
exactly 100%

If the variable is multiple response then sum of the total percentage of each categories
exceeds 100%
Type of hospital
  Frequency Percent
General Medical 168 84.0
Example of frequency table Psychiatric 32 16.0
Total 200 100.0
Frequency Analysis of single response Question in SPSS
Find the frequency and percentage distribution using database 1 of the
variables

Geographical regions
Control
Service
Analyze Descriptive statistics Frequencies

Then from comprehensive list of variables in the left side of the box select the
required variables and send to right variables (s) box with the help of little
arrow then click on OK bottom .

Then SPSS will generate the following output

 Frequency Analysis:
Geographical Region
    Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid South 56 28.0 28.0 28.0
Northeast 30 15.0 15.0 43.0
Midwest 60 30.0 30.0 73.0
Southwest 3 1.5 1.5 74.5
Rocky Mountain 20 10.0 10.0 84.5
California 19 9.5 9.5 94.0
Northwest 12 6.0 6.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0  

Geographical Region
  Frequency Percent Note:
South 56 28.0 1. If any value of the variable is
Northeast 30 15.0 missing then report valid percent
Midwest 60 30.0 2. If none of the value of the
Southwest 3 1.5 variable is missing then value
Rocky Mountain 20 10.0 under percent column and valid
California 19 9.5 percent column will be same
Northwest 12 6.0
Total 200 100.0
Type of Ownership
  Frequency Percent
Government/Nonfederal 51 25.5
Nongovernment/Not-for-profit 86 43.0
For-profit 45 22.5
Federal government 18 9.0
Total 200 100.0

Type of hospital
  Frequency Percent
General Medical 168 84.0
Psychiatric 32 16.0
Total 200 100.0
 Exercise 1:
Generating frequency table of
Single response qualitative
variable in SPSS
Participant’s refection
Question-Answer
 Frequency Analysis of multiple response Question in SPSS
Find the frequency and percentage distribution using database 2 of the question-
B2. Why do you think that Nepal is going in the right direction? [any two answer]

Note: To generate the frequency table of multiple response question, at first define the multiple response set and
generate the new variable by combining all possible responses of the question in SPSS. Then this new variable is used
to generate the frequency table

Analyze Tables Custom tables

Then from comprehensive list of variables in the left side of the box select the required variables then drag it
to the right box. Then click on summary statistics and then select “column responses % (Base: count)” and
send to right display box using arrow and click on “apply to selection”. The click on “categories and totals”
then select “total” then click on “Apply” Finally clink on “ok”

Then SPSS will generate the following output

B2. Why do you think that Nepal is going in the right direction? [any two answer]
Column
Response %
  Count (Base: Count)
The economy of Nepal is getting better overall 449 11.8%
It is easier to find work / make a living 193 5.1%
Basic goods are more affordable 47 1.2%
Better food is available and affordable 23 .6%
The new constitution brings positive change 491 12.9%
No more monarchy 58 1.5%
Nepal is no longer a Hindu state 38 1.0%
Federalism brings positive change overall 209 5.5%
The replacement of the old development regions by new provinces brings positive change 221 5.8%
The establishment of new municipalities/rural municipalities with more power brings positive change 524 13.7%
Improvements in democracy and civic freedoms 85 2.2%
Local elections bring positive change 504 13.2%
National government and/or political leaders are better now
Local government and/or political leaders are better now
32
166
.8%
4.4%
Note:
Political parties work better together now
There are less political protests and strikes (bandhs)
171
163
4.5%
4.3%
In multiple response,
Less corruption / extortion
Better roads
82
555
2.2%
14.5%
total sum of frequencies
Access to education is improving
Drinking water supply is improving
252
112
6.6%
2.9% exceeds 100%
Electricity supply is improving 349 9.1%
Access to health care is improving 76 2.0%
Post-earthquake recovery is going well 94 2.5%
Relations between castes, ethnic groups, religious groups are improving 190 5.0%
The situation of women is improving 287 7.5%
There is no armed conflict anymore/ there is peace 349 9.1%
There is less crime, criminals are brought to justice 126 3.3%
The problems of conflict victims are addressed 81 2.1%
Climate conditions are getting better… 108 2.8%
Overall there is progress 618 16.2%
No reasons 26 .7%
First choice Other Specify 0 0.0%
Second Choice Other Specify 0 0.0%
Refused 0 0.0%
Don’t know 53 1.4%
Total 3812 176.6%
 Exercise 2:
Generating frequency table of
Multiple response qualitative
variable in SPSS
Participant’s refection
Question-Answer
Descriptive statistics:
Mean: It is one measure of central tendency. It is a mathematical average. Mean is
calculated by dividing the sum of data by the number of data. There is only one mean of
each variable.

Medan: It is also one measure of central tendency. It is a positional average. It is the middle
value of the ordered data set. It divide the data into two equal parts i.e. 50% data are
smaller than median value and rest 50% are larger than the median value. There is only
one median of each variable.

Mode: It is also one measure of central tendency. It is a average based on repetition of the
values. The value which is repeated maximum number of time is called mode. If non of
the value are repeated under the variable then mode does not exist. If two value are
repeated same number of time then both are called mode.
So the variable may have or have not a mode. If mode exist the it could be a unique
mode or more than one mode.
Range: The difference of maximum and minimum value of the variable is called range.

Standard deviation: It is one of the most powerful measure of dispersion of the variable.
it measure the variation from mean value of the data. The variable
with lower value of standard deviation is consider as more uniform than higher
value. It is also used as a risk measure factor in the decision making process.

Variance: The square of the standard deviation is called variance. It is also used as
Descriptive Analysis in SPSS

Finding the mean, and standard deviation using database 1 of

the variable- Number of bed

Analyze Descriptive statistics Descriptive

The from comprehensive list of variables in the left side of the box select the variable- payroll and
send to right variables (s) box with the help of little arrow then click on OK

Then SPSS will generate the following output

Table : Descriptive statistics

Descriptive Statistics
  N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Number of
beds 200 7 1297 210 172.1
Another way of Descriptive Analysis
in SPSS

Finding the mean, Median, Mode and standard deviation using

database 1 of the variable- A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, and A10

Analyze Tables Custom tables

Then from comprehensive list of variables in the left side of the box select the required variables then drag it
to the right box. Then click on “summary statistics” and then select “Mean, Median, Mode and Standard
deviation” from statistics box and send to right side using arrow bottom and then click on “apply to
selection”. Finally clink on “ok”

Then SPSS will generate the following output

 Table : Descriptive statistics

Standard
  Mean Median Mode Deviation
Number of beds 210 160 80 172
Number of admissions 6832 4777 2730 6646
Number of outpatients 98225 65329 0 118865
Number of Births 874 480 0 1064
Total Expediture in thousands 67140 43365 4861 70386
Payroll expenditures in thousands 30501 20740 1053 32716
Number of personnel 862 590 102 822
 Exercise 3:
Generating Descriptive statistics
such as Mean, Median, Mode,
Standard deviation and Range
Participant’s refection
Question-Answer