OSI Reference Model

Ref: https://community.fs.com/blog/tcpip-
vs-osi-whats-the-difference-between-the-
two-models.html
 OSI
Model

• The model
• Functions of the layers
 OSI

• Open Systems Interconnection

• Developed by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• Seven layers
• A theoretical system delivered too late!
• TCP/IP is the de facto standard
 Cont….
• A layer model
• Each layer performs a subset of the required
communication functions
• Each layer relies on the next lower layer to
perform more primitive functions
• Each layer provides services to the next higher
layer
• Changes in one layer should not require changes
in other layers
 Note

ISO is the organization;

OSI is the model.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 5

 Figure 2.3 The OSI model

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 6

 Figure 2.4 OSI layers

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 7

 Figure 2.5 An exchange using the OSI model

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 8

 Note

The physical layer is responsible for

moving individual bits from one
(node) to the next.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 9

 Figure 2.6 Summary of OSI Layers

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 10

Network
Models

OSI Model
 OSI model

PDNTSPA
OSI Layers
An Exchange Using the OSI Model
 Physical layer

The physical layer is responsible for

transmitting individual bits from one node
to the next.
Physical Layer
Physical Layer
 Function of the Physical layer

• Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium

• Representation of bits
• Data rate
• Synchronization of bits
• Line configuration
• Physical topology
• Transmission mode
 Data link layer

The data link layer is responsible for

transmitting frames from
one node to the next.
Data link layer
 Functions of data link layer
• Framing
• Physical addressing (MAC address)
• Flow control
 Stop & wait
 Sliding window
• Error control
 Stop & wait ARQ
 GO-Back-N ARQ
 Selective reject ARQ
• Error detection
• Access control
Data Link Layer
Data Link Layer Example
 OSI Reference Model

Ref: https://community.fs.com/blog/tcpip-
vs-osi-whats-the-difference-between-the-
two-models.html
 Network Layer
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of packets from the original
source to the
final destination.
 Responsibility of network layer

• Source to destination delivery of packet

across multiple network
• Logical addressing
• routing
Network Layer
 Network Layer Example

Cont.…
Node-to-node delivery
End to End: Source-to-destination
delivery
Example
 IP

• An IP address is a
32-bit address
• The IP addresses
are unique
and universal.
• Logical Address
is generated by CPU while a
program is running. Physical
Address identifies
a physical location of requir
ed data in
a memory. ... The user never
directly deals with the
physical address but can
access by its
corresponding logical
address.
 Logical Vs Physical Address
BASIS OF
LOGICAL ADRESS PHYSICAL ADRESS
COMPARISON  
Logical address is the address that is
generated by the central processing unit Physical address is a location that exists in
Description (CPU) in perspective of a program. Logical the memory; it allows accessing a particular
address can also be referred to as a virtual storage cell in the main memory.
address.
Logical address space is the set of all logical Physical address space is the set of all
Address Space addresses generated by CPU for a program. physical address mapped to corresponding
   logical addresses.
The logical address exists virtually and does
The physical address is an accessible
not have a specific location to exist
Visibility physical location existing within the
physically in memory unit hence it is also
memory.    
known as virtual address.  
The logical address is generated by the Physical address is computed by Memory
Generation
central processing unit (CPU).   Management Unit (MMU).    
The physical address helps to identify a The logical address helps to obtain the
Use
location in the main memory.   physical address.  
The logical address is flexible hence will
Physical address of the object always
Flexibility keep changing with the system from time to
remains constant.
time.  
The user program can use the logical The user program does not have the ability to
User
address to access the physical address.   view the physical address directly.  
Logic address is erased when the system is Physical address is not affected when the
Rebooting
rebooted.     system is rebooted.
Example 192.168.20.2(IPV4/IPV6) 00-10-5A-44-12--B5 (48 bit,6 byte )
 Logical Vs Physical Address

Reference: https://www.google.com/search?q=mac+address+example&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=AcSg14XEihOvxM%252CbH_OqFLfsM5BxM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kQDktfJgXu0c
 OSI Reference Model

Ref: https://community.fs.com/blog/tcpip-
vs-osi-whats-the-difference-between-the-
two-models.html
 Transport layer

The transport layer is responsible for

delivery of a message from one process to
another.
 Transport layer function
• Responsible for source to destination (end to end)
delivery of the entire message.
• Creating a connection involves three steps
 Connection establishment
 Data transfer
 Connection release
• Service point addressing (port addressing)
• Segmentation and reassembly
• Connection control, flow & error control
Transport layer
Transport Layer
 Example
Figure shows an example of transport layer
communication. Data coming from the upper
layers have port addresses j and k (j is the address
of the sending process, and k is the address of the
receiving process).
Since the data size is larger than the network layer
can handle, the data are split into two packets, each
packet retaining the port addresses (j and k). Then
in the network layer, network addresses (A and P)
are added to each packet.
Transport Layer Example
 Addressing We learned till now
• Physical Address- MAC
• Logical Address-IP
• Port Address- Internet Port 443
 This port is used for secure web browser communication.
 Sockets are created and used with a set of programming
requests or "function calls" sometimes called the sockets
application programming interface (API). The most
common sockets API is the Berkeley UNIX
Socket

Ref.: https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-socket
-in-computer-networks
 L6-Session layer

• N/W dialog controller

• Establishes, maintains, and synchronizes
the interaction between communicating
system
• Dialog control
• Synchronization
Session Layer
 L6-Presentation layer

• Presentation layer is concerned with the

Syntax and Semantics of the information
exchanged between two system.
• Translation
• Encryption
• Compression
• Coding
Presentation Layer
 Application layer

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.
 Specific services provided by
Application layer
• Network virtual terminal
• File transfer, access & management
(FTAM)
• Mail services
• Directory service
Application layer
Application Layer
 Application Layer

• Mall service
• File Transfer and access
• Remote log in
• Accessing WWW
Summary of Layer Functions
OSI Layers
 Questions

• How to remember sequence of OSI ?

• PDNTSPA
• IP Address belongs to layer 2 ?
• TCP belongs to layer 4 ?
• Is application layer user dependent?
REF: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv
%3DqwBcZnhZM5c&psig=AOvVaw2Shm37UdlPq7Arg4QNkaTL&ust=1596702745798000&source=
images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCMDN9NvTg-sCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
 TCP/IP Protocol

• Internet Society (ISOC)

 Figure 2.7 Layers in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 62

 Figure 2.8 TCP/IP and OSI model

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 63

 Figure 2.9 A private internet

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 64

 Figure 2.10 Communication at the physical layer

Legend Source Destination

A R1 R3 R4 B
Physical Physical
layer layer
Link 1 Link 3 Link 5 Link 6

011 ... 101

01
1.
..
10
1

011 ... 101 011 ... 101

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 65

 Note

The unit of communication at the

physical layer is a bit.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 66

 Figure 2.11 Communication at the data link layer

Legend Source Destination D Data H Header

A R1 R3 R4 B
Data link Data link

Physical Physical
Link 1 Link 3 Link 5 Link 6

D2 H2
Frame
D2 ame
Fr

H2

D2 H2 D2 H2
Frame Frame

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 67

 Note

The unit of communication at the data

link layer is a frame.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 68

 Figure 2.12 Communication at the network layer

Legend Source Destination D Data H Header

A R1 R3 R4 B
Network Network

Data link Data link

Physical Physical

D3 H3
Datagram

D3 H3
Datagram

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 69

 Note

The unit of communication at the

network layer is a datagram.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 70

 Figure 2.13 Communication at transport layer

A Legend Source Destination D Data H Header B

Transport Transport
R1 R3 R4
Network Network

Data link Data link

Physical Physical

D4 H4
Segment

D4 H4
Segment

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 71

 Note

The unit of communication at the

transport layer is a segment, user
datagram, or a packet, depending on the
specific protocol used in this layer.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 72

 Figure 2.14 Communication at application layer

A B
Application Legend Source Destination D Data H Header Application

Transport Transport
R1 R3 R4
Network Network

Data link Data link

Physical Physical

D5 D5
Message

D5 D5
Message
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 73
 Note

The unit of communication at the

application layer is a message.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 74

 TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
• Developed by the US Defense Advanced Research
Project Agency (DARPA) for its packet switched
network (ARPANET)
• Used by the global Internet
• No official model but a working one.
– Application layer
– Host to host or transport layer
– Internet layer
– Network access layer
– Physical layer
 Physical Layer
• Physical interface between data
transmission device (e.g. computer) and
transmission medium or network
• Characteristics of transmission medium
• Signal levels
• Data rates
• etc.
 Network Access Layer
• Exchange of data between end system and
network
• Destination address provision
• Invoking services like priority
 Internet Layer (IP)
• Systems may be attached to different
networks
• Routing functions across multiple networks
• Implemented in end systems and routers
 Transport Layer (TCP)
• Reliable delivery of data
• Ordering of delivery
 Application Layer
• Support for user applications
• e.g. http (Hypertext transfer protocol) ,
SNMP (simple N/W management protocol)
OSI v TCP/IP
TCP/IP protocol suite
 TCP
• Usual transport layer is Transmission Control Protocol
– Reliable connection
• Connection
– Temporary logical association between entities in different
systems
• TCP PDU
– Called TCP segment
– Includes source and destination port (Service Access Point (SAP))
• The SAP is a conceptual location at which one OSI layer can request
the services of another OSI layer.
• Identify respective users (applications)
• Connection refers to pair of ports
• TCP tracks segments between entities on each connection
 UDP
• Alternative to TCP is User Datagram
Protocol
• Not guaranteed delivery
• No preservation of sequence
• No protection against duplication
• Minimum overhead
• Adds port addressing to IP
TCP/IP Concepts
PDUs in TCP/IP
Some Protocols in TCP/IP Suite