ADVANCED PROPULSION

COMBUSTION RAMJET, ROCKET

PROPULSION,LIQUID MOTOR

2nd INTERNAL

PRESENTATION

BY:
NAME: SUMAN PAL
GUIDED BY: REG.NO: 190301230007
Dr. MUKUNDJEE PANDEY BRANCH: AEROSPACE
7TH SEM
PRINCIPLE OF RAMJET ENGINE

 THE FUNCTION OF A SUPERSONIC AND SUBSONIC

DIFFUSER IS TO CONVERT THE KINETIC ENERGY OF
THE ENTERING AIR INTO A PRESSURE RISE CALLED
RAM PRESSURE.
RAMJET BASIC OPERATION
 Ramjet has no moving parts
 Achieves compression of intake air by forward speed of
vehicle Fuel injectors
RAMJET BASIC OPERATION
 Air entering the intake of a supersonic aircraft is slowed by
aerodynamic diffusion created by the inlet and diffuser to low
velocities.
 Expansion of hot gases after fuel injection and combustion
accelerates exhaust air to a velocity higher than that at inlet
and creates positive thrust
RAMJET POWERED MISSILES
 Recently DRDO tested ASTRA
missile powered by ramjet
engine.
SUMMARY
 Ramjet develops no static thrust
 Relies on ‘ram’ compression of air
Requires high speed flight
 Performance depends on increase in stagnation temperature
across burner (combustor)
 Efficiencies (thermal, propulsive, and overall) increase with
increasing flight Mach number
 Next step: We desire an engine that develops static thrust
Put in a device to mechanically compress air (compressor)
Put in a device to power compressor (turbine)
 Solution: Turbojet engine
 ADVANTAGES
Low frontal area.
Co-efficient drag is low.
High pressure and temperature can be employed.
Load capacity is very high.

 DISADVANTAGES 
There we having altitude limitation.
Low thermal efficiency.
High TSFC.
Erosion occurs at the nozzle due high temperature of gas
coming out from the nozzle.
WHAT IS THE PROPULSION
SYSTEM?
 A DEVICE TO PRODUCE A THRUST NEEDED FOR THE
FLIGHT.
  PRINCIPLE OF ROCKETS-:
 THE PRINCIPLE OF ROCKET PROPULSION DEPENDS
ON THE FOLLOWING TWO LAWS
 1)  NEWTON 'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION 
 2) LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
 PRINCIPLE OF ROCKETS-:
 THE MOTION OF A ROCKET IS AN INTERESTING
APPLICATION OF NEWTON 'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION &
MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE.
 THE ROCKET EXPELS A JET OF HOT GASES FROM ITS
TAIL. THIS IS SAY, AN ACTION FORCE. THE JET OF HOT
GASES EXERTS A FORCE ON THE ROCKET,
PROPELLING IT FORWARD; THIS IS THE REACTION
FORCE.
 PROPULSION PRINCIPLE FROM THE MOMENTUM
POINT OF VIEW, THE HOT GASES ACQUIRE
MOMENTUM IN THE BACKWARD DIRECTION & THE
ROCKET ACQUIRES AN EQUAL AMOUNT OF
MOMENTUM IN THE FORWARD DIRECTION.
OPERATION OF ROCKETS
 ROCKET THRUST IS CAUSED BY PRESSURES ACTING IN THE
COMBUSTION CHAMBER AND NOZZLE. FROM NEWTON'S
THIRD LAW, EQUAL AND OPPOSITE PRESSURES ACT ON THE
EXHAUST, AND THIS ACCELERATES IT TO HIGH SPEEDS.
 ROCKET ENGINES PRODUCE THRUST BY THE EXPULSION OF
A HIGH-SPEED FLUID EXHAUST.
  THIS FLUID IS NEARLY ALWAYS A GAS WHICH IS CREATED BY
HIGH PRESSURE (10-200 BAR) COMBUSTION OF SOLID OR
LIQUID PROPELLANTS, CONSISTING OF FUEL AND OXIDISER
COMPONENTS, WITHIN A COMBUSTION CHAMBER. • 
 THE FLUID EXHAUST IS THEN PASSED THROUGH A
SUPERSONIC PROPELLING NOZZLE WHICH USES HEAT
ENERGY OF THE GAS TO ACCELERATE THE EXHAUST TO
VERY HIGH SPEED, AND THE REACTION TO THIS PUSHES THE
ENGINE IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION.
ROCKET PROPELLANTS
 THE FUEL AND THE OXIDIZER TOGETHER ARE CALLED
AS ROCKET PROPELLANTS
 CLASSIFICATION OF PROPELLANTS
 1) LIQUID PROPELLANTS-: BOTH THE FUEL AND
OXIDIZER ARE CARRIED ONBOARD THE ROCKET IN
LIQUID FORM AND THEY ARE INJECTED UNDER
PRESSURE AS A SPRAY INTO THE COMBUSTION
CHAMBER. 
 2)  SOLID PROPELLANTS-:SOLID PROPELLANT IN
SOLID PROPELLANTS, THE FUEL AND OXIDIZER
COMPONENTS ARE PREPARED SEPARATELY AND ARE
THEN MIXED TOGETHER. THIS IS BECAUSE THE
OXIDIZER IS IN POWDER FORM AND THE FUEL IS A FLUID
OF VARYING CONSISTENCY. 
 APPLICATIONS OF ROCKETS 
 SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL
 AIR LAUNCHED GUIDED MISSILE
 BATTLEFIELD SUPPORT-SURFACE LAUNCHED
 TO CARRY THE PAYLOADS TO THE GEOSTATIONARY
ORBITS
  TO INVESTIGATE OTHER PLANETS
LIQUID PROPELLANT ROCKET
ENGINES
 General characteristics
 Liquid propellant rocket engines are mostly widely used rocket engines because of many
advantages that liquid propellants have.
 The first rockets used solid propellants because of the simplicity of their construction (just a
barrel with gunpowder), but such engines were difficult to control.
 Chemistry and physics of combustion were undeveloped, combustion was unpredictable
and it was nearly impossible to control it.
 The main advantages of liquid propellants:
• high specific impulse;
• high thrust
• high thrust to weight ratio of the rockets;
• easy to control
However, they also have certain disadvantages:
• complexity of the construction;
• it is impossible to achieve very high specific impulse;
• they are difficult to scale, complexity grows quickly with growing the thrust;
• some propellants are highly toxic (hydrazine and its variants) or cryogenic (hydrogen).
TYPES OF PROPELLANTS
 Liquid rockets have been built as monopropellant rockets  using a
single type of propellant, bipropellant rockets using two types of
propellant, or more exotic tripropellant rockets  using three types of
propellant. 
 Bipropellant liquid rockets generally use a liquid fuel, such as liquid
hydrogen or a hydrocarbon fuel such as RP-1, and a liquid oxidizer,
such as liquid oxygen. The engine may be a cryogenic rocket engine,
where the fuel and oxidizer, such as hydrogen and oxygen, are gases
which have been liquefied at very low temperatures.
 Liquid-propellant rockets can be throttled (thrust varied) in real time,
and have control of mixture ratio (ratio at which oxidizer and fuel are
mixed); they can also be shut down, and, with a suitable ignition
system or self-igniting propellant, restarted.
 Hybrid rockets apply a liquid or gaseous oxidizer to a solid fuel
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 Liquid rocket engines are used on the Space Shuttle to place humans in orbit, on many
un-manned missiles to place satellites in orbit, and on several high speed research
aircraft following World War II.
 In a liquid rocket, stored fuel and stored oxidizer are pumped into
a combustion chamber where they are mixed and burned.
 The combustion produces great amounts of exhaust gas at high temperature
and pressure.
 The hot exhaust is passed through a nozzle which accelerates the flow. 
 Thrust is produced according to Newton's third law of motion.
 The amount of thrust produced by the rocket depends on the mass flow rate through the
engine, the exit velocity of the exhaust, and the pressure at the nozzle exit.
 All of these variables depend on the design of the nozzle. The smallest cross-sectional
area of the nozzle is called the throat of the nozzle.
 The hot exhaust flow is choked at the throat, which means that the Mach number is
equal to 1.0 in the throat and the mass flow rate m dot is determined by the throat area.
The area ratio from the throat to the exit Ae sets the exit velocity Ve and the exit
pressure pe.
THANK YOU