BASIC

GEOMETRICAL
IDEAS
 What is geometry ?
Geometry is the branch of mathematics
which deals with properties and relations
with the lines , angles ,surfaces and
solids. Just as Maths deals with numbers ,
geometry deals with figures , points and
lines…….
 POINT
A point is usually represented by a small dot.
By a sharp tip of the pencil, mark a dot on the
paper. Sharper the tip, thinner will be the dot.
 Line Segment
A line segment corresponds to the
shortest distance between two points.
The line segment joining points A and B
is denoted by AB
 Line
A line is obtained when a line segment like
AB is extended on both sides indefinitely; it
is denoted by AB or sometimes by a single
small letter like l.

B AB
A
 Intersecting Lines
Two distinct lines meeting at a point are called
intersecting lines.

L1
P

L2
 Parallel Lines
Two lines in a plane are said to be parallel if
they do not meet.

Identify parallel lines

 Ray
A ray is a portion of a line. It starts at one
point (called starting point) and goes endlessly
in a direction.

P
Two points are shown on the
ray. They are (i) A, the starting
A
point & (ii) P, a point on the
path of the ray.
We denote it by AP.
 some models for a ray

Sun rays
Beam of light from
a light house

Ray of light
from a torch
 POLYGON
 A polygon is a simple closed curve made up of line
segments.
(i) The line segments are the sides of the polygon.
(ii) Any two sides with a common end point are adjacent
sides.
(iii) The meeting point of a pair of sides is called a vertex.
(iv) The end points of the same side are adjacent vertices.
(v) A diagonal joins two opposite vertices.
 Angles
An angle is made up of two rays starting from
a common end point.
Two rays OA and OB make ∠AOB(or also
called ∠BOA).
A

∠AOB
o B
ANGLE AOB
 The meeting point of a pair of sides is
called a vertex.
 The end points of the same side are
adjacent vertices
 Triangles
A triangle is a three-sided polygon
The three sides of the
triangle AB , BC and CA .

The three angles are

∠BAC, ∠BCA and ∠ABC.

The points A, B and C are

the vertices of the triangle
 Quadrilaterals
A four sided polygon is a quadrilateral
It has 4 sides and 4 angles.

Four sides AB, BC , CD and

DA.

Four angles ∠A , ∠B, ∠C

and ∠D
 AB and DC are opposite sides

∠A and ∠C,∠D and ∠B are opposite angles

 Circles
 A circle is a simple closed curve which is not a polygon.
 Parts of circle

1.Centre - The fixed point

2.Radius- fixed distance
3.Diameter -A diameter is a chord passing through the
center
4.Chord-line segment joining any two points on the
circle.
5.Circumference – distance around the circle.
The fixed point is the center
The fixed distance is the radius
A diameter is a chord passing through the center of the circle.
A chord of a circle is a line segment joining any two points on
the circle.
The distance around the circle is the circumference.

1.Centre -o d

2.Radius - r r
o C
3.Diameter - d
4.Chord - CA
5.cirumference
A
A region in the interior of a
circle enclosed by an arc on
one side and a pair of radii on
the other two sides is
called a sector.

A region in the interior of a

circle enclosed by a chord and
an arc is called a segment of
the circle.
Thank
you