DESIGN OF BEAM

I S 8 0 0 - 2007 Steel Table

PART-
 BEAMS
Horizontal member seen in a structure spanning
between columns.

Support loads which are resisted by bending and shear

Supports floors, roof sheeting as purlins, side

cladding.
 Based on Use of Beam
Floor Beams- major beam supporting the secondary
beams or joists
Girder- floor beam in buildings
Lintel –beam used to carry wall load over openings, i.e
doors, windows etc
Purlin- roof beam supported by roof trusses
Rafter- roof beam supported by purlins
Spandrel Beam- beam at outer most wall of buildings,
which carry part of floor load and exterior walls
Stringer Beam- longitudinal beam used in bridge
floors and supported by floor beams
Based On How Beam Is Supported
Simply Supported Beams

Simply Resting on Two Supports

Cantilever Beams

One End Fixed & Other End Free

Fixed Beams

Both Ends Fixed

Continuous Beams

Resting on more than Two Supports

 COMMONLY USED BEAM SECTIONS

 Universal Beams (Rolled Sections): in this material is

concentrated in the flanges and very efficient in uni- axial bending
 Compound Beam: universal beam strengthened by flange plates.
Resist bending in vertical as well as horizontal direction.
 Composite Beam: universal beam with roof slab which gives
continuous lateral support. The concrete floor provides the
necessary lateral support to the compression flange to prevent
lateral buckling.
 Castellated beams: beams made by applying a special technique to
wide flange I-beam. This technique consists of making a cut in the
web of a wide flange beam in a corrugated pattern. The cut parts
are separated, lower and upper parts are shifted and welded
 Advantage of Castellation

 Light, strong and cheap

 Easy to assemble at construction site

 Openings simplify the work of installer and electrician, since

taking pipes cross the beams do not pose a problem
 Construction elements such as ceiling systems can be
installed easily.
 Improves aesthetics
 depth can be determined at will by changing the cutting
pattern
 combining of a lighter upper half with a heavier lower half
 Shape Factor v
SHAPE Cross-section
FACTOR Max. Min. Avg.
Hollow Circular 1.47 1.30 1.35
 The ratio Mp/My is a
property of the cross Hollow Rectangular 1.33 1.19 1.25
sectional shape and is
independent of the Wide flange I-section
1.18 1.09 1.14
material properties. (major axis)

 This ratio is known as Wide flange I-section

1.67 - -
(minor axis)
the shape facor ‘v’ and
is given by Unequal angles 1.83 1.75 1.8

v = Mp/My Equal angle 1.84 1.81 1.82

= Zp/ Ze
Channel (major axis) 1.22 1.16 1.18

Channel (minor axis) 1.8 - -

 FAILURE MODES OF BEAM
BENDING
•

When all the beam cross-section has become plastic the beam fails
by formation of a plastic hinge at the point of maximum imposed
moment.

The bending moment cannot be increased and the beam collapses

as though a hinge has been inserted into the beam.
LOCAL BUCKLING

Local Flange buckling failure

 SHEAR

During the shearing process, if the web is too thin it

will fail by buckling or rippling in the shear zone as
shown in fig.
 WEB BEARING AND BUCKLING

Due to high vertical stresses directly over a support

or under a concentrated load, the beam web may
actually crush or buckle as a result of these stresses.
 LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING

Behaviour of beam with

restraints

Lateral torsional buckling of

a simply supported beam
 LOCAL BUCKLING

(a) (b)

Local buckling of Compression Members

 CLASSIFICATION OF BEAM
SECTION
Bending strength of a beam depends upon how
well the section performs in bending
Thin projecting flange of an I-beam is likely to
buckle prematurely
Web of an I-section can buckle under compressive
stress due to bending and shear
In order to prevent such local buckling it is necessary
to limit outstand thickness ratios of flanges and
depth/thickness ratios or web
 Based on above the beam sections are
classified as follows as per IS 800-2007
 Class 1 (Plastic): cross section which can develop plastic hinges and have rotation
capacity required for failure of the structure by formation of plastic mechanism. The
section having width to thickness ratio of plate element less than that specified under
class 1 as shown in table 2 (page 18)
 Class 2 (compact section): cross section which can develop plastic moment of
resistance, but have inadequate plastic hinge rotation capacity for formation of plastic
mechanism, due to local buckling. The section having width to thickness ratio of plate
elements between those specified for class 2 and class 1 shown in table 2.
 Class 3(Semi compact section):cross section in which extreme fibre in compression
can reach yield stress but cannot develop plastic moment of resistance, due to local
buckling. The width to thickness ratio of plate shall be less than that specified under
class 3,but greater than that specified under class 2 as shown in the table 2
 Class 4 (slender): cross-section in which the elements buckle locally even before
reaching yield stress. The width to thickness ratio of plate shall be greater than that
specified under class 3. IS code 800 considers the design of members belonging to
class 4 beyond its scope.
TABLE 3.1 LIMITING WIDTH TO THICKNESS RATIOS
Class of Section
Class 3
Compression element Ratio Class 1 Class 2
Semi-
Plastic Compact
Compact
Outstanding Rolled section b/t f 9.4 10.5 15.7
element of Welded se ctio n b/ t f 8.4 9.4 13.6
compression fla nge Co mpre ssion due
b/ t f 29.3 33.5
to bending
Inte rnal element o f 42
Axial b/ t f Not applica ble
compression fla nge compression
Neutral ax is at mid-depth d/t w 83.9 104.8 125.9

If r1 is
d/t w
negative:
Web of a n
I-, H-o r box Generally but
section c  40
If r2 is but  40
d/t w
negative:
but  40
Axial co mpression d/t w Not applica ble
Web of a cha nnel d/t w 42 42 42
Ang le, compression due to be nding b/t 9.4 10.5 15.7
(Both criteria sho uld be satisfied) d/t 9.4 10.5 15.7
Sing le angle, or do uble angle s with the b/t 15.7
compo nents separated, axial
d/t Not applica ble 15.7
compression (All three criteria sho uld be
(b+d)/t 25
satisfied)
Outstanding leg of an a ng le in co ntact
back-to-back in a do uble ang le me mber
Outstanding leg of an a ng le with its back d/t 9.4 10.5 15.7
in co ntinuo us conta ct with a nother
compo nent
Circula r tube
subjecte d to CHS o r built by
mo me nt o r ax ial welding
D/t 44 2 62.7 2 88 2
compression
Stem of a T-section, ro lled o r c ut fro m a
D/t f 8.4 9.4 18.9
ro lled I-o r H-section