English Grammar

Sentences

• Subject -> Kt.Benda (Noun)

• Verb -> Kt.Kerja -> Tenses -> Subject-verb agreement
• Object -> Kt.Benda (Noun)
• Adverb -> Tempat, waktu, cara, frekuensi

• Verb -> Hanya boleh ada 1 dalam 1 kalimat.

• Adverb -> Bisa lebih dari 1
• Di S dan O ada lbh dari 1 jenis benda -> tambahkan and, or, atau
preposisi (in, of, from)
Types of Sentences

• Simple Sentence -> I sleep on my bed

• Compound sentence (For And Nor But Or Yet So) -> I sleep on my
bed, but my bro sleeps on the couch
• Complex Sentence -> I sleep on my bed because it is very
comfortable
Subject-Verb Agreement

• In my grandparents house, There are a lot of beautiful paintings

• The price of this book is very high
• The beautiful paintings
• Water flows A group of people plays
• Waters flow Groups of people play
TENSES -> Passive (TO BE + V3)

• He studies math -> Math is studied by him (simple present)

• He does study math
• He doesn’t study math
• He studied math -> Math was studied by him (simple past) -> V2
• He did study math
• We spoke about that -> We did speak about that
• He will study math -> Math will be studied by him (simple future)

• Present simple -> habit, facts

• Past simple -> ket.waktu lampau -> yesterday, last week, in 1960
• Future simple -> Ket.waktu masa depan -> tomorrow, next week, next month

• Study – studied – studied -> V3 harus selalu punya pendamping (is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had)
Continuous (Active) -> Passive -> (Being +
V3)

• He is studying math -> Math is being studied -> now, at the

moment, right now
• He was studying math -> Math was being studied
• He will be studying math -> Math will be being studied

• Past -> He was studying math when his mother came

• Future -> He will be studying math when his mother comes
Perfect (Been + V3)

• He has studied math -> Math has been studied (present perfect)
• He studied math yesterday
• He had studied math -> Math had been studied (past perfect)
• He will have studied math -> Math will have been studied (future
perfect)

• Past -> He had studied when his mother came

• Future -> He will have studied when his mother comes
Adjectives

• OSASCOMP
 Opinion (general) -> good, bad, beautiful, interesting
 Opinion (specific) -> expensive, elegant, charming, arrogant
 Size -> big, small, huge, tremendous, gigantic, tiny, micro, short, tall
 Age -> old, young, ancient, modern, prehistoric
 Shape -> round, rectangular, triangle, oval, spiral, hexagonal
 Color -> red, reddish, blue, bluish
 Origin -> Indonesian, Japanese, English, Sundanese, Irish
 Material -> golden, silver, wooden, iron
 Purpose -> dining, swimming, cooking
Linking Verbs

• To be -> be (is, am, are), was (were), been

• 5 senses:
 Eye -> seem, look, appear
 Nose -> smell
 Ear -> sound
 Tongue -> taste
 Skin -> feel
Subordinate Conjunctions:

• Cause-Effect (Sebab-Akibat)
 Because/since/as + S + V -> sebab (karena)
 Because of/due to + Noun (Kt.Benda) -> sebab (dikarenakan oleh)
 Therefore/hence/thus/consequently -> akibat (oleh karena itu, jadi, oleh
sebab itu)

 Ex: I didn’t come because/since/as I was sick (sebab)

I didn’t come because of/due to my sickness (sebab)
I was sick; therefore, I didn’t come (akibat)
• Contrast (Pertentangan) + - /- +
 However/nevertheless/nonetheless -> akan tetapi
 Although/even though/even if + S + V -> walaupun/meskipun
 Despite/in spite of + Noun -> walaupun dengan

 Ex: He is very rich; however, he is very stingy

 Although he is very rich, he is very stingy
Although we lost the game, we’re still very happy about it
Despite our loss, we’re still very happy about it
• Addition + +/ - -
 Moreover/in addition/furthermore/besides that

 Ex: She is very beautiful, moreover she likes to help others in need
• Tujuan -> Agar/supaya
 In order to + V
 So that + S + V

 I study in order to pass the exam

 I study so that I pass the exam
Conditional Sentences (IF CLAUSE)

• Type 1 (Future)
• If + S + V1, S + will + V1
• If I have money, I will buy that house
• Have I money, I will buy that house

• Type 2 (Present)
• If + S + V2, S + would + V1
• If I had money, I would buy that house -> Fact: I don’t have money
• Had I money, I would buy that house

• Type 3 (Past)
• If + S + Had V3, S + would have + V3
• If I had had money, I would have bought that house -> Fact: I didn’t have money
• Had I had money, I would have bought that house
Modals
• Must/have to/has to (95-99%)
• Should/had better/ought to (80%) + V1 (active)
• Can/could/will/would/may/might (50%) + BE + V3 (Passive)

• He has -> He will have

Pronoun (Kata Ganti)

Subject Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive

(before noun) (after noun)
I Me My Mine Myself
You You Your Yours Yourself/
Yourselves
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its Its Itself
Parallel Structure

• Either…. Or….
• Neither… nor…
• Both.… and…
• Between…. And…
• From…. to….
• Not only…. But also
• As….(adjective/kata sifat)… as
• The same…. (noun/kata benda)…. As
• Similar to/similar…. to….
• Such… (noun/kata benda)… that
• Comparative -> better, more expensive, more beautiful + than
• Superlative -> the best, the most expensive, the most beautiful
Verb (Kt. Kerja) & Adverb of Manner (Ket.
Cara)

• I eat normally
• I normally eat noodles (+ kt.benda (noun))

• He is such a good kid that he is loved by many people

• Cat eats -> tunggal (singular)

• Cats eat -> jamak (plural)
In / on/ at

• In -> in Jakarta, in Indonesia

• On -> On Rajawali street, on Delima street
• At -> At Rajawali street 12B

• In -> tahun (in 2000), bulan (in July), tahun + bulan (in July 2000)
• On -> tanggal (on July 14th, 2020), hari (on Sunday)
• At -> waktu (jam, menit, detik) -> at 4.50 p.m.
Countable vs Uncountable

Countable Uncountable
Many Much
A few, few A little, little
Number Amount
Several -
Some Some
A lot of, lots of A lot of, lots of
Another / other/ others / the other
A / An/ The
A/An/The (2)

• An umbrella A university
• I have a car I have the car

• I am 10 years old
• I am a 10-year-old boy
DERIVATION (1)
• Kata Benda (Noun):
• Semua benda yang dapat dibayangkan baik konkret maupun abstrak. Dalam kalimat berperan sbg Subject
dan Object
• Imbuhan:
 -ion/-tion -> solution, protection, prevention, normalization
 -ity -> ability, purity, adaptability
 -or/-er -> doctor, writer, director, reader, employer
 -ist/-ian -> scientist, dentist, librarian, musician
 -th -> length, width, birth, depth
 -ht -> weight, height
 -age -> marriage, package, heritage
 -hood -> neighborhood, brotherhood
 -ship -> membership, relationship, friendship
 -ism -> socialism, communism, idealism
 -nce -> importance, tolerance, violence
 -y -> delivery, beauty
 -ness -> happiness, sadness, weakness
 -ment -> government, department, apartment, sentiment
 -al -> principal, arrival, removal
DERIVATION (2)

• Kata Kerja (Verb):

• Kegiatan / aktivitas yang dilakukan, berperan sebagai Predikat dalam
kalimat.
• Imbuhan:
 En- -> enlarge, encourage, enroll
 Re- -> reuse, refill, rewrite
 -en -> lengthen, shorten, strengthen
 -ize -> realize, standardize, pulverize, memorize, finalize, normalize
 -er -> lower, differ
 -fy -> beautify, identify, purify
 -ate -> differentiate, validate, accelerate
DERIVATION (3)

• Kata Sifat (Adjective)

• Keterangan/penjelas (ciri khas) dari suatu benda, Posisinya selalu menempel dengan kata benda.
• Imbuhan:
 -nt -> important, tolerant, violent, resistant
 -ous -> dangerous, vicious, delicious
 -ive -> active, impressive, progressive
 -ic -> basic, iconic, specific, artistic
 -al -> economical, denial, identical, normal
 -ing -> boring, interesting, amusing, amazing
 -ed -> bored, interested, amused, amazed
 -ful -> beautiful, powerful, plentiful, colorful
 -less -> sugarless, homeless, hopeless, jobless
 -y -> sandy, hairy
 -able -> adaptable, available, instragramable, possible
Phrasal Verbs

• Able/ability to
• Rely on
• Resist to
• Similar to
• Serve as
• Listen to
• Depend on
Preposition

• In
• On
• At
• By
• With Pengecualian:
• Without + V. ing • To + V1
• For
• From
• V3 + by + V.ing
• About
• After
• Before
• As
Relative Pronoun (Yang) -> Adjective
Clause
• Who + Verb
• Whom + Subject + Verb
• Which + Verb
• Whose + Noun (kt.benda)
• That
• The man, who stands in front of me, is my uncle
• The man, standing in front me, is my uncle -> reduced clause (aktif)
• The cake, which is made by mom, is very delicious
• The cake, made by mom, is very delicious -> reduced clause (pasif)
Causative

• Membuat subjek lain melakukan kegiatan:

• S1 + have/make/let/help + S2 + V1
• I have my brother repair my bike
• S1 + allow/ask/order + S2 + to + V1
• I asked my brother to repair my bike
• S1 + have/make/ask/order + O + V3
• I have my bike repaired
Inversion/Inverted Sentences (Pembalikkan)

• Pembalikkan -> do, does, did, have, has, had, can, will, may, is,
are, was, were mendahului/pindah ke depan subjek (kata benda):
• Only when
• Not until
• Always
• Rarely
• Seldom
• Never
• Not only
Noun Clause

• I know where you live

• Diawali oleh 5 W + 1 H, etc:
• What, where, when, who, why, how
• That (bahwa), whether/if
• He believes that I can pass the exam
• He works -> He does work
• He does not work

• He can work
• He cannot work

• Before I enter the classroom

• Before entering the classroom
• When they are burned
• When burned
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