CHAPTER -3: TORSION

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Sanjoy Kumar Bhowmik
Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering.
TORSION

Consider a bar to be rigidly attached at one end and twisted at

the other end by a torque or twisting moment T equivalent to
F × d, which is applied perpendicular to the axis of the bar, as
shown in the figure. Such a bar is said to be in torsion.

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TORSION OF CIRCULAR SHAFT
A turning force is always applied to transit force in shaft. This force is applied to
a rim of the pulley keyed to the shafts. The product of the turning force and
distance between the point of application of force and the axis of the shaft is
known as TORQUE of turning moment. This shaft is subjected to torsion.

• Assumption:
 Materials of shaft is uniform through out
 Twist along the torque is uniform
 Normal cross-section of the shaft is uniform, remain plain and circular as
before
 All diameter of the normal cross-section which were straight before twist
remain straight with magnitude after twist
 Stresses do not exceed the proportional limit 3-3
 TORSION FORMULA
For a solid or hollow circular shaft subject to a twisting moment T, the torsional
shearing stress τat a distance ρfrom the center of the shaft is

where J is the polar moment of inertia of the section and r is the outer radius.

Turning moment, T = D3/16

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 ANGLE OF TWIST
The angle θ through which the bar length L will twist is

where T is the torque in N·mm, L is the length of shaft in mm, G is shear

modulus in MPa, J is the polar moment of inertia in mm4 , D and d are diameter
in mm, and r is the radius in mm.

POWER TRANSMITTED BY THE SHAFT

A shaft rotating with a constant angular velocity ω(in radians per second) is being
acted by a twisting moment T. The power transmitted by the shaft is

where T is the torque in N·m, f is the number of revolutions per second, and P is
the power in watts. 3-5
Problem 1 A circular shaft of 50 mm diameter is required to transmit torque from
one shaft to another. Find the safe torque which the shaft can transmit if the
shear stress is not to exceed 40 Mpa.
Solution:
Given,
D = 50 mm,  = 40 Mpa, T = ?
We know,
T = D3/16 = * 503 * 40/16
= 0.982*106 N-mm

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 TORSION
Problem 2 A solid circular steel shaft is to transmit a torque of 10 kN-m of the
shearing stress is not to exceed 45 Mpa. Find the minimum diameter of the
shaft.

Ans. D = 104.21 mm

Problem 3 A solid shaft of 40 mm diameter is subjected to a torque of 0.80 kN-m.

Find the maximum shear stress induced in the shaft.

Ans. τ = 63.66 MPa

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STRENGTH OF HOLLOW SHAFT
Torque in the hollow shaft:
T = *(D4-d4)/16D

Problem 4 A hollow shaft of external and internal diameter of 80 mm and 50 mm

is required to transmit a torque from one end to the other. What is the safe
torque it can transmit if the allowable shear stress is 45 MPa.
Solution:
Given, D = 80 mm, d = 50 mm,  = 45 MPa, T = ?
We know,
T = *(D4-d4)/16D
T = 3.83 N-mm Ans.

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POWER TRANSMITTED BY A SHAFT
Assume,
N = No of revolution per minute
T = Torque transmitted , N-mm
Work done per minute, P = 2N*T N-mm/ min
Work done per second, P = 2N*T/60 N-mm/ sec

Problem 5 A circular shaft of 60 mm diameter running at 150 RPM. If the shear

stress is not to exceed 50 MPa, find the power which can be transmitted.
Solution:
Given, D = 60 mm, N = 150 RPM,  = 50 MPa, P = ?
T = D3/16 = * 603*50/16 = 2.12*106 N-mm 3-9

Again, Power transmitted per second

P = 2N*T/60 = 2**150*2.12*106/60 = 33.30*106 N-mm/sec
POWER TRANSMITTED BY A SHAFT
Problem 7 A solid circular shaft of 100 mm diameter is transmitting 120 kW at
150 RPM. Find the intensity of shear stress in the shaft.
Solution:
Given, D = 100 mm, N = 150 RPM, P = 120 kW = 120*106 N-mm/sec,  = ?
We know, P = 2N*T/60
=> T = 60*120*106/(2**150) = 7.63*106 N-mm
Again,
T = D3/16
=>  = 16T/(*D3) = 16*7.63*106/(*1003)
= 38.90 MPa. Ans.

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POWER TRANSMITTED BY A SHAFT
Problem 8 A solid steel shaft has to transmit 100 kW at 160 RPM. Taking
allowable shear stress at 70 Mpa, find the suitable diameter of the shaft. The
maximum torque transmitted in each revolution exceeds the mean by 20%.
Solution:
Given, P = 100 kW = 100*106 N-mm/sec , N = 160 RPM,  = 70 MPa, D = ?
We know, P = 2N*T/60
=> T = 60*100*106/(2**160) = 5.96*106 N-mm
Tmax = 1.2 * T = 1.2 * 5.96 * 106 N-mm
Again,
T = D3/16
=> D3 = 16*1.2*5.96*106/(*70)
=> D = 80 mm Ans. 3 - 11
POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA
The moment of inertia of a plane area with respect to its axis perpendicular to
plane of this area is called polar moment of inertia. It is denoted by J.
J = D4/32 = R4/2
 C D 3 16 * T
 and T    
R L 16 D 3
 C

R L
16T C
 
R * D 3 L
16T C
 
D L
* D 3
2
T C
 
D 4 L
32
T C 3 - 12
 
J L
POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA
Problem 9 Calculate the maximum torque that a shaft of 125 mm diameter can
transmit if the maximum angle of twist is 1 in a length of 1.5 m, C = 70 GPa.
Solution:
Given, D = 125 mm,  = 1 = /180 rad, C = 70 Gpa, L = 1.5 m = 1500 mm

J = D4/32 = 24*106 mm4

We know, T C

J L
C * J 70 *10 3 *  * 24 * 10 6
T    19.52 *10 6 N  mm
L 1500 *180

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POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA
Problem 10 Find the maximum torque that can be safely applied to a shaft of 80
mm diameter. The permissible angle of twist is 1.5 in a length of 5 m and
shear stress is not to exceed 42 Mpa, C =84 Mpa.
Solution:
Given, D = 80 mm,  = 1.5 = 1.5*/180 rad, L = 5 m = 5000 mm
 = 42 Mpa, C = 84 Gpa
T = D3/16 = *803*42/16 = 4.22*106 N-mm

We know, T C

J L
C * J 84 *103 *1.5 *  *  * 80 4
T    1.77 *106 N  mm
L 5000 *180 * 32
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Safe torque = 1.77*106 N-mm
REPLACING A SHAFT
Problem 11 A solid steel shaft of 60 mm diameter is to be replaced by a hollow
steel shaft with internal diameter equal to half of the external diameter. Find
the diameter of the hollow shaft and saving in materials if the maximum
allowable stress is same for both shafts.
Solution: Given, D1 = 60 mm,
Assume, External diameter of hollow shaft = D2
 Internal diameter of hollow shaft, d2 = D2/2
Shear stress of solid shaft = Shear stress of hollow shaft
 4  D2  4 
We know,   D2    
D13  D24  d 24  
  2  
T1  and T2  
16 16 D2 16 D2
 16 D24  D24 
  
 16   *15 D23
  3 - 15
16 D2 16 *16
 REPLACING A SHAFT
T1  T2
D13  *15D23
 
16 16 *16
 16 * 603  15D23
 D2  61.30mm

Internal diameter of the hollow shaft = 30.65 mm

D12  D22  d 22   * 60 2  61.3 2  30.65 2 

 
 Saving in materials  4 2
4 * 100  4
2
4 * 100  21.7%
D1  * 60
4 4

Saving in materials = 21.7% Ans.

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Singer 311
An aluminum shaft with a constant diameter of 50 mm is loaded by torques
applied to gears attached to it as shown in Fig. Using C = 28 GPa, determine
the relative angle of twist of gear D relative to gear A.

Solution:

θ = TL/JC

Rotation of D relative to A:

θD A = ∑TL/JC
θD A = [800(2)–300(3)+600(2)]/
[( *0.054)/ 32 x(28*109)]
θD A = 0.1106 rad or 6.340answer

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Singer 316
A compound shaft consisting of a steel segment and an aluminum segment is
acted upon by two torques as shown in Fig. Determine the maximum
permissible value of T subject to the following conditions: τst ≤ 83 MPa, τal ≤
55 MPa, and the angle of rotation of the free end is limited to 6°. For steel, C =
83 GPa and for aluminum, C = 28 GPa.
Solution:
τ = 16T / πd3
τ st=16(3T)/π(503) = 83
T = 679042.16 N-mm
T = 679.04 N-m

τ al = 16T/ π(403) = 55
T = 691150.38 N-mm
T = 691.15N m

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Based on maximum angle of twist:
θ = (TL/JC)st + (TL/JC)al 
6 (π/180) = [3T(900)]/[π(504)/32 x (83000)] + [T(600)]/ [π(404)/32 x (28000)] 
T = 757316.32 N-mm
T = 757.32 N-m
 
Use T = 679.04 N-m answer

Singer 316
A solid aluminum shaft 2 in. in diameter is subjected to two torques as shown
in Fig. Determine the maximum shearing stress in each segment and the angle
of rotation of the free end. Use C = 4 × 106 psi.

τ = 16T / D3
For 2-ft segment:
τ =16(600)(12)/π(23) = 4583.66psi answer
 
For 3-ft segment:
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τ =16(800)(12)/π(23) = 6111.55psi answer
θ = TL/JC
θ = ∑TL /JG
θ = [600(2)+800(3)]*144/ [π(24)/32 x (4 106)]
θ = 0.0825 rad
θ =0.0825 x 57.3
θ = 4.730 answer

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