AIRCRAFT DESIGN I

Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings

A. Fuselage Sizing
1. Fuselage Length FL=
2. Fuselage max. diameter = Length/ FFR
3. Fuselage fineness ratio ( FFR) FFR ranges from 3 to 5

Fuselage fineness ratio is the

ratio between the fuselage
length and its maximum
Diameter. If the cross section
is not a circle, an equivalent
diameter is calculated from
the cross sectional area.
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
B. Wing Sizing
Taper ratio , λ – is the ratio between the tip chord and the centerline root chord.

S = wing area
CR = wing root chord
CT = wing tip chord
W = airplane weight
b = wing span
λ = taper ratio
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings

Wing Sizing
1. Wing loading ( W/S)
2. Wing area Sw = Wo /(w/s)
3. Aspect Ratio AR
4. Wing Span, bw
5. Mean aerodynamic Chord

Mean Aerodynamic Chord , MAC = Cr

λ= Cr =
λ = taper ratio
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings

6. Location of MAC from fuselage centerline

𝑌 𝑀𝐴𝐶 = [
𝑏𝑤 1+ 2 λ  
6 1+ λ   ]
C. Vertical Tail Sizing
Volume Coefficient,
= = = 60% fuselage length

C. Horizontal Tail Sizing

Volume Coefficient,
= =
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings

Sweep angle – the angle between

the wing leading edge and the y-
axis of the aircraft is called leading
edge sweep. Similarly, the angle
between the wing quarter chord line
and the y-axis of the aircraft is
called quarter chord sweep.
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings

Mean Aerodynamic Chord,

Where: = distance of MAC

from fuselage centerline
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
Twist – If the wing tip incidence is not the same as the wing root incidence, the twist is
referred to as geometric twist. However, if the tip airfoil section and root section are
not the same, the twist is referred to as aerodynamic twist.

Wing twist is used to prevent

wing tip stall and to revise the
lift distribution to approximate
an ellipse. Typically. Wings are
twisted between zero and
five degrees.
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
Dihedral – is the angle of the wing with respect to the horizontal when seen from the
front. The primary of applying dihedral is ti improve the lateral stability. Also called
dihedral stability.
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
Wing incidence – is the angle between fuselage centreline and wing chord at root.
Also called wing setting angle.
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
.
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
C. Tail Sizing

= Horizontal tail volume coefficient

= Vertical tail volume coefficient

= Horizontal tail area

= Vertical tail area

= Vertical tail arm For an aircraft with front-mounted propeller, the tail arm is about 60% of
= Horizontal tail arm the fuselage length. For aft-mounted engines, the tail arm is about 45-50%
of the fuselage length
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
Tail Volume Coefficient

Horizontal tail & Vertical Tail Aspect ratios

= =
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
D. Control Surface Sizing
The primary control surfaces are the ailerons, elevator and rudder.

1. Ailerons = 25 % = 35 %
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
Control Surface Sizing
2. Elevator

= 90 %

= 45 %
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
Control Surface Sizing
3. Rudder

= 95 %

= 45 %
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
Horizontal tail
Taper ratio = 0.7 -1.0
Aspect ratio = 2/3 of wing aspect ratio
Incidence = -1 to -2
Sweep angle = same as that for wing
Dihedral angle = same as that for wing
Vertical Tail
incidence = 0 degree
aspect ratio = 1-2
Dihedral angle = 0 degree
Taper ratio = follow conceptual sketch or 0.50
Sweep angle= follow conceptual sketch
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
Side view of the Vertical Tail showing the rudder
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Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
Top view of the Horizontal tail showing the elevator ( one-side only)
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
Top View of the wing ( one-side only from centerline of fuselage)
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings

Top view of the wing

showing the flap
and the aileron

Top view of the Horizontal

Tail showing the elevator
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
REPORT NO.5
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
Report no. 5 Requirements:
1. Mission Requirements
2. Mission Profile
3. Given Data / Design Data
 Gross weight ( Wo)
 Wing loading )
 Wing Aspect )
 Taper ratio (λ )
 Fuselage Fineness ratio (FFR)
 Horizontal tail aspect ratio )
 Vertical tail aspect ratio )
 Horizontal tail taper ratio )
 Vertical tail taper ratio )
 Horizontal tail volume coefficient (𝐶¿¿ 𝐻𝑇)¿
 Vertical tail volume coefficient )
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
REPORT NO.5
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
Report no. 5 Requirements:
4. Fuselage sizing
a. complete computations of sizing
b. Drawing of fuselage showing its length and max diameter
c. Drawing of fuselage ( top, side and front views) showing the pilot , passengers and
engine. inside the fuselage with their respective measurements. See shown in slides # 3 - 7
5. Wing sizing
a. complete computations of sizing
b. Drawing of a wing showing its planform, root and tip chords, wing span, MAC and its
location Ymac. See slide # 27.
6. Horizontal tail sizing
a. complete computations of sizing
b. Relative position of the horizontal tail with the vertical tail showing the wake region. See
slide# 29.
c. Drawing of a Horizontal tail showing its planform, root chord, tip chord, span and average
chord. See slide # 26 and 28
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REPORT NO.5
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings

7. control surface sizing

a. complete computations of sizing for elevator, rudder, flaps and ailerons

b. Drawing of a wing planform showing the location and dimensions(span and

chord) of ailerons and flaps. See slide #19

c. Drawing of a vertical tail planform showing the location and size of the rudder.
See slides #23 and 25.

d. Drawing of a horizontal tail planform showing the location and size of the
elevator slides # 22. 26 and 28.
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
REPORT NO.5
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings

8. Preliminary design specifications

9. Top view and side view of the fuselage showing all measurements as shown in
slides # 3 - 7
10. Three-view drawings. Must be drawn in CADD. Drawing
Scale is 1:25. See sample drawing for important measurements as indicated
in slide # 30
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
REPORT NO.5
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
Preliminary Design Specifications
English
Metric(m )
1. Dimensions, External ( ft and in.)
 A. Wing    
  a. wing span  10.52 m   34 ft. 6 in.
  b. wing root chord    
  c. wing tip chord    
  d. wing aspect ratio    
  e. wing MAC    
  f. wing sweep (L.E.)    
  g.wing sweep ( c/4)    
  h. taper ratio    
  i. twist    
  j. dihedral    
  k. incidence    
  l. vertical location - -
  m. planform - -
  n. Airfoil section - -
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN I
REPORT NO.5
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
 B. Fuselage    
  a. Fuselage length    

  b. fuselage max. diameter    

 C. Horizontal Tail    
  a. horizontal tail span    

  b. horizontal tail tip chord    

  c. horizontal tail root chord    

  d. horizontal tail average chord    

  e. aspect ratio    
  f. sweep (L.E.)    
  g. taper ratio    
  h. dihedral    
  i. incidence    
  j. vertical location    
  k. planform    
  l. Airfoil section    
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REPORT NO.5
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
 D. Vertical Tail    
  a. Vertical tail span    

  b. Verticall tail tip chord    

  c. Vertical tail root chord    

  d. Vertical tail average chord    

  e. aspect ratio    
  f. sweep (L.E.)    
  g. taper ratio    
  h.    
  i.    
  j. planform    
  k. Airfoil section    
 E. Flaps    
  a. type    
  b. flap chord    
  c. flap span ( total)    
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REPORT NO.5
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
 F. Ailerons    
  a. aileron chord    
  b. aileron span ( total)    
 G. Rudder    
  a. rudder chord    
  b. rudder span    
 H. Elevator    
  a. elevator chord    
  b. elevator span    
2. Areas    
  a. Wing    
  b. Horizontal Tail    
  c. Vertical Tail    
  d. Flap, Total    
  e. Ailerons, total    
  f. Rudder    
  g. Elevator    
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REPORT NO.5
Preliminary Specifications and Three-View Drawings
3.Weights and loadings    
  a. Empty Weight    
  b. Gross weight    
  c. Fuel weight    

  d. Maximum Wing loading    

  e.Maximum power loading    

4.Design Performance    
  a. Maximum Speed    
  b. Cruising Speed -    
  c. Stalling speed    
  d. Rate Of Climb    
  e. Service Ceiling    
  f. Take Off Distance    
  g. Landing Distance