SOCIALLY RELEVANT PROJECT

TITLE : Study of sandwich structures

By
K Dhanush (19021A0318).
B Srikanth (19021A0338)
K Lakshma Ramnaik (19021A0340). Under the guidence of
P Roshan (19021A0347) Smt.B.lakshmi Manasa
(Assistant professor)
CONTENTS :

 Introduction
 Why a Sandwich ?
 Sandwich Construction
 Mechanical Behavior
 Failure modes
 Applications
 Advantages and limitations
 Future scope
 Conclusion
 References
 INTRODUCTION

• A sandwich structured composite is a special class of composite material

that is fabricated by attaching two thin but stiff skins to a lightweight but
thick core. The core material is normally low strength material, but its
higher thickness provides the sandwich composite with high bending
stiffness with overall low density.
• Open and closed cell structured foam, polystyrene, balsa wood, syntactic
foam and honeycomb are commonly used core materials. Glass or carbon
fiber reinforced laminates are widely used as skin materials. Sheet metal
is also used as skin materials in some cases.
WHY A SANDWICH ?

• Long ago engineers realized that by adding a core

to a material, the strength and stiffness could be
dramatically increased with very little added
weight. Cores, in comparison to the additional
structural value they add, are extremely cost
effective. With a sandwich, less material is
required than with a solid structure.
SANDWICH CONSTRUCTION

• PRINCIPLES OF SANDWICH CONSTRUCTION

• Two facings, which are relatively thin and of high strength,
• A core is enclosed which is relatively thick and light and which has adequate stiffness in a direction normal
to the faces of the panel.
• Many alternative forms of sandwich construction may be obtained by combining different facing and core
materials.
• The facings may be steel, aluminium, wood, fibre-reinforced plastic or even concrete.
• The core may be made of cork, balsa wood, rubber, solid plastic material (polyethylene), rigid foam material
(polyurethane, polystyrene, phenolic foam), mineral wool slabs or from honeycombs of metal or even paper.
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR

• Two stiff strong skins separated by a lightweight core . Separation of skins by core increases moment of inertia, with little
increase in weight
• Efficient for resisting bending and buckling
• Like an I beam: faces = flanges — carry normal stress
• core = web — carries shear stress
• Faces: composites, metals ,Cores: honeycombs, foams, balsa
• honeycombs: lighter then foam cores for required stiffness, strength
• foams: heavier, but can also provide thermal insulation
• Mechanical behavior depends on face and core properties and/or geometry . Typically, panel must have some required
stiffness and/or strength
FAILURE MODES

Face: can yield compressible face can buckle locally

– “wrinkling”

core: can fail in shear also can have debonding and

indentation
• we will assume perfect bond and load distributed
sufficiently to avoid indentation
AERO APPLICATIONS OF SANDWICH
STRUCTURES
• Honeycomb sandwich structures are widely used on
aircraft flight control surfaces such as rudder,
aileron, spoiler, and flap. The facesheet of
honeycomb sandwiches are typically thin composite
laminates and the interior of the sandwich is mostly
honeycomb cell walls made of Nomex, fiberglass, or
aluminum.
 MARINE APPLICATIONS OF SANDWICH STRUCTURES

• Practical applications of laser welded sandwich panels in shipbuilding

were realised from the mid 1990’s onwards.
• Main reasons for the application were weight savings and increased
resistance to fire, blast and penetration.
• Applications focused on wing bulkheads and staircase landings, but
also for other walls like balcony partitions.
• Meyer Werft panels were also applied in two cabin decks on the cruise
ship Superstar Virgo
AUTOMOBILE APPLICATIONS OF SANDWICH
STRUCTURES
• The study of energy-absorbing behavior in sandwich
beams under static loadinghas become the basis for the
design of crashworthy structure in automobile
applications.
• Steel is still used as the material for car front bumpers.
However lighter materials,such as fiber reinforced
plastics (FRPs), are being used in the automotive
industry
ADAVANTAGES

•
Fast installation and ease of handling
• Crane assembly therefore no scaffolding required
• No thermal bridges and good thermal insulation properties
• Design flexibility with choice of colour finishes
• Panels can be installed horizontally or vertically
• Reliable robust mechanical performance .
•Outstanding non combustible and acoustic performance
•Resistance to weather and aggressive environments
•Ease of installation
• Long life and very low maintenance cost
•Easy repair and replacement in case of damage
FUTURE SCOPE

• The many advantages of sandwich constructions, the development of new

materials, and the need for high performance, low-weight structures insure
that sandwich construction will continue to be in demand. The equations
describing the behavior of sandwich structures are usually compatible with
the equations developed for composite material thin-walled structures,
simply by employing the appropriate in-plane, flexural, and transverse shear
stiffness quantities. Only if a very flexible core is used, is a higher order
theory needed.
CONCLUSION

• The use of sandwich structures continues to increase rapidly for applications ranging
from satellites, aircraft, ships, automobiles, rail cars, wind energy systems, and bridge
construction to mention only a few.
• The results of research showed that the method of manufacturing, more precisely the
pressure while forming sandwich panels, influences some mechanical properties of
sandwich structured polymer composites such as flexural strength, impact strength, and
compressive strength.
REFERNCES

• https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijae/2016/7816912/
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/sandwich-structures
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/sandwich-structures
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich-structured_composite
• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Main-Components-of-Sandwich-Structures_fig1_320
620705
• https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/faq-what-is-a-sandwich-structure