Data Collection

Q2 Module 4
ANOSBOVERTI
 RESEARCH DATA
Research Data refers to the kinds of
information researchers obtain from
the subjects of their research.
Here are some examples of the formats
that data can take:
Four Types of Data
Observational Data
It is collected using methods
such as human observation,
open-ended surveys, or the use
of an instrument or sensor to
monitor and record information.
Experimental Data
data collected through active
intervention by the researcher
to produce and measure change
or to create difference when a
variable is altered.
Simulation Data
This method is used to try
to determine what would,
or could, happen under
certain conditions.
Derived or Compiled
Data
involves using existing data
points, often from different
data sources, to create new
data through some sort of
transformation, such as an
arithmetic formula or
aggregation.
 Data Collection Plan
IDENTIFY THE DETERMINE HOW MUCH
QUESTIONS THAT YOU DATA IS NEEDED
WANT TO ANSWER get enough data so
what we can see
Refer to SOP
patterns and
trends.
DETERMINE THE KIND
OF DATA THAT IS
AVAILABLE DETERMINE HOW TO
MEASURE THE DATA
You must list all the
data points that are
needed to answer the
Nominal, Ordinal,
questions the research Interval, and
is centered on. Ratio Scales
 Data Collection Plan
DECIDE WHETHER TO
DECIDE WHO IS MEASURE A SAMPLE
GOING TO COLLECT OR THE WHOLE
THE DATA POPULATION

DETERMINE WHERE
THE DATA WILL BE DETERMINE IN
COLLECTED FROM WHAT FORMAT THE
DATA WILL BE
DISPLAYED
 Data
Gathering
Instruments
Q2 MODULE 5
 RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
Data-gathering instruments for
qualitative research means open-ended
questionnaires, interviews,
observation, or any other forms which
are used to collect information.
(Jones1985)
 QUALITATIVE
01. QUESTIONNAIRES
Qualitative questionnaires attempt to
elicit more in-depth responses and are
usually designed to find out what has
changed as a result of the program, what
the mentees have learned, and what they
are doing differently.
QUALITATIVE QUESTIONNAIRE

STRENGTH WEAKNESS
 Reach a large number of  time-consuming
respondents  expensive
 Represent an even larger  sampling is difficult
population  notoriously difficult to
 Allow for comparisons get right
 Generate qualitative  they often do not go as
data through the use of  planned.
open-ended questions
 Be confidential and even
anonymous
 02. INTERVIEWS
An interview is a conversation for gathering
information. It is an appropriate method when
there is a need to collect in-depth information on
people’s opinions, thoughts, experiences, and
feelings. It is useful when the topic of inquiry
relates to issues that require complex
questioning and considerable probing.
 SEMI-STRUCTURED UNSTRUCTURED
INTERVIEWS INTERVIEWS
- set of predetermined - the interviewer has no
questions specific guidelines,
- interviewers use a restrictions,
topic guide that serves predetermined questions,
as a checklist to ensure or a list of options.
that all respondents
provide information on
the same topics
 INTERVIEWS
STRENGTH

- Interviews provide useful information when

participants cannot be directly observed.
- The interviewer has better control over the
types of information that they receive. They
can pick their own questions.
- If worded effectively, questions will
encourage unbiased and truthful answers.
 INTERVIEWS
WEAKNESS
- Can be time-consuming and inexperienced
interviewers may not be able to keep the
questions properly focused
- answers may be deceptive because the
interviewee tries to respond in a way that
will please the interviewer
- Equipment may be a problem.
Enandan et al., 2021
03. OBSERVATION
- Watching individuals in their natural
environment or a naturally occurring
situation
- The data collection is laborious and
time-consuming and may have to be
repeated to ensure reliability.
Observations can be overt (subjects know
they are being observed) or covert
(do not know they are being watched)

Participant Observation
• Researcher becomes a participant in the culture or
context being observed
• Requires researcher to be accepted as part of culture
being observed in order for success
 DIRECT OBSERVATION INDIRECT OBSERVATION

- This observation - Results of an

method makes you see or interaction, process or
listen to everything behavior are observed
that - Observers can collect
happens in the area of data through field notes,
observation. video, or audio
recordings,
 OBSERVATION
STRENGTH
- Due to disguised form of observation, behavior is
naturally studied and data is not distorted.
- The subjects behave in the desired natural manner
and do not get influenced by what the observer
wants to listen.
- Observation techniques are cost effective and
produce valid results.
- People are observed and their willingness to
participate is not taken into account as in case of
focus group discussions or personal interviews
 OBSERVATION
WEAKNESS
- Time consuming and may involve large amount of
inactivity.

- Observations may lack depth and qualitative

richness.

- If the ethics are not handled well, legal action

can be taken.
 Share the research
instrument/s you will
use in your study and
explain.
Planning Data
Analysis
Q2 Module 6
 Let’s Play!

https://www.education.com/game/sorting-similes-5th/
 Data Analysis
Qualitative data analysis can
therefore be defined as the process of
making sense out of collected pieces
of subjective information.
CODING
It is defined as classifying or categorizing
individual pieces data coupled with some kind
of retrieval system (Babbie, 2016, p.387). It
is done by classifying qualitative data such
as interview responses, field notes,
pictures, or symbols, into themes or concepts
that they convey.
Coding is done repeatedly until major
patterns arise.
“The pandemic placed a big financial strain on my
family. As my father lost his job as a cameraman in
a TV network, we became two months behind rent
payment, the electric and water bills started to
pile up, and my sister chose not to enroll for her
next semester at college.”

‘unemployment’, ‘missed payments’, or

‘educational struggles’.
 THREE TYPES OF CODING

OPEN CODING AXIAL CODING SELECTIVE CODING

the first step at this is done by this is done to identify
coding in which the single concept to
regrouping the
qualitative data are which all other codes
results of open relate to. Once that you
closely examined, coding and finding have reviewed all of the
compared with one a core concept data and identified all
another, and then among the codes of the concepts, you will
classified into see a central concept
discrete ideas. that ties it all
“The pandemic placed a big financial strain on my
family. As my father lost his job as a cameraman in
a TV network, we became two months behind rent
payment, the electric and water bills started to
pile up, and my sister chose not to enroll for her
next semester at college.”

Open coding ‘Unemployment’, ‘missed payments’,

and ‘educational struggles’

Axial coding ‘TV network closure’, ‘Tourism

industry, and ‘Factories’

Selective coding unemployment

CONCEPT MAPPING
Ethical Considerations
in Qualitative Data
Analysis
there are times that researcher bias may be suspected
from the findings of the study.

the identities of those who gave their responses must be

protected unless they have willingly consented to
revealing their identities.
 Writing
Research
Methodology
Q2 MODULE 7
Elements of Research
Methodology
- Research Design
- Respondents or
Participants of the Study
- Sampling Procedure
- Research Instrument
- Data Gathering Procedure
- Data Analysis
Enandan et al., 2021
Enandan et al., 2021
Enandan et al., 2021
Enandan et al., 2021
Enandan et al., 2021
Enandan et al., 2021
 THANK
YOU!
This means that you are
now ready to take the
WW#1.

Goodluck!