MINI PROJECT 2A: MICROCONTROLLER BASED

TACHOMETER
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
By
Vikas Wadile Roll No-15
Aman Kumar Benvansi Roll No-17
Uday Kommajoshyula Roll No-14
Sumit Sharma Roll No-10
Project Guide
Prof. Ujwala Tade.

Department of Electrical Engineering

Lokmanya Tilak College of Engineering Koparkhairne, Navi Mumbai - 400 709
University of Mumbai
(AY 2022-23)
MICROCONTROLLER:
A microcontroller is a compact
integrated circuit designed to
govern a specific operation in an
embedded system. A typical
microcontroller includes a
processor, memory and input/output
(I/O) peripherals on a single chip
WORKING OF MICROCONTROLLER

CPU Memory I\O Peripherals

Other supporting elements of a microcontroller include:

● Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) .

● Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)
● System bus
● Serial port
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MICROCONTROLLER VS MICROPROCESSOR

MICROCONTROLLER MICROPROCESSOR

1. Microprocessor acts as a heart of computer 1. Microcontroller acts as a heart of embedded

system. system.
2. It is a processor in which memory and I/O 2. It is a controlling device in which memory
output component is connected externally. and I/O output component is present
3. Since memory and I/O output is to be internally.
connected externally. Therefore the circuit is 3. Since on chip memory and I/O output
more complex. component is available. Therefore the circuit
4. It cannot be used in compact system. is less complex.
Therefore microprocessor is inefficient. 4. It can be used in compact system. Therefore
5. Microprocessor has less number of registers. microcontroller is more efficient.
Therefore most of the operations are 5. Microcontroller has more number of
memory based. registers. Therefore a program is easier to
6. A microprocessor having a zero status flag. write.
7. It is mainly used in personal computers. 6. A microcontroller has no zero flag.
7. It is mainly used in washing machines, air
conditioners etc.
CONSTRUCTION:
WORKING:
When the IR sensor is powered, the IR transmitter starts emitting
IR rays

A motor is placed in front of the IR sensor with its shaft marked

with a white dot.

As the motor shaft rotates such that the white spots comes in
contact with the sensor, the IR rays are reflected by the dot and
falls on the IR receiver.

The photo diode, which is used as the IR receiver, starts

conducting whenever the IR rays are reflected.
WORKING:
At this point, the output of the IR sensor is given to the comparator
and the output of the comparator is HIGH when the IR rays are
reflected and the output of the comparator is LOW when there are no
reflections.

Hence, the output of the comparator is in the form of an ON-OFF

pulse.

This pulse is given to the microcontroller as a timer input and the

microcontroller is programmed to calculate the number of times the
motor rotates in a second.

The speed of the motor is calculated by multiplying the value of final

count by 60 to get the speed in revolutions per minute. This value is
then displayed on the 4-digit 7-segment display.
PROGRAMMING:
The software is written in Assembly language and assembled using 8051 cross-assembler. It is well
commented and easy to understand. It uses AT89C2051’s internal timer for measuring the period of
one cycle of the rotation in units of 100 microseconds. Thus if the speed is 1500 rpm, it is 25 rps, and
the time taken for one cycle is 40 ms.

The timer uses an interrupt to count overflows every 100 microseconds and so the number counted by
the timer program in this case will be ‘400.’ This is divided by ‘600,000’ (so many 100/µs present in a
minute), giving a result of ‘1500.’ This gives the rpm. These digits are displayed on the 4-digit, 7-
segment display. To perform the division, subroutine UDIV32 is employed, which is a standard
subroutine available for 8051 family for 32-bit number by 16-bit number division. It has an accuracy
of 5 rpm in a 6000rpm count.
STRENGTH:

1. The current design is an embedded application which is used to calculate the

speed of the motor without the need of tachometer.
2. In this application IR frequencies are used to calculate the speed of the motor.
3. It gives better performance and reliability.
4. Light in weight as compared to the conventional tachometer.
5. Compact in size.
6. It is portable so we can carry it to large rotating machine to note the RPM.
Accuracy is high as compare to conventional tachometer.
WEAKNESS:
1. The ICs used in this circuit are CMOS devices and are highly static, making it impossible to
touch them with bare hands.
2. It has limited life time due to use of battery for powering the circuit.
3. Speed calculation may be affected by the varying duty cycle of the timer.
OTHER INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS:
1. Light sensing & controlling devices
2. Temperature sensing and controlling devices
3. Fire detection & safety devices
4. Industrial instrumentation devices
5. Process control devices
THANK YOU !