Lecture 5

PERENCANAAN
PEMBANGUNAN
PENGERTIAN PERENCANAAN

A continuous process which involves

decisions, or choices, about alternative ways
of using available resources, with the aim of
achieving particular goals at some time in the
future
 ELEMEN PERENCANAAN

To plan means to choose (Nyerere,

1969)
Planning as a means of allocating
resources
Planning as a means of achieving goals
Planning for the future
 MENGAPA PERLU PERENCANAAN?
KEGAGALAN PASAR:
1. Kemiskinan dan Kemerataan?
2. Penyediaan Barang Publik (murni)?
3. Keidaksempurnaan informasi?
4. Eksternalitas
 MACAM-MACAM PERENCANAAN
Based on:
• The nature of planning goals
• The scope of planning activities
• The spatial level of planning activity
• The operational level of planning activity
TYPES OF PLANNING BASED ON THE NATURE
OF PLANNING GOALS

Albert Waterston (1965):

1. “War-time planning”: planning in a case of
emergency
2. “Town and country planning”: land-use planning,
physical planning, or urban and regional planning
3. “Anticyclical planning”: to maintain stability of
national economy (to counteract the alternate booms
and depressions)
4. “Development planning”: to increase the rate of
economic and social progress
TYPES OF PLANNING BASED ON THE SCOPE
OF PLANNING ACTIVITIES

This approach tends to result in a

classification on disciplinary or
professional lines: socio-economic
planning, natural resource planning,
architectural and engineering planning or
design
 TYPES OF PLANNING
BASED ON THE SPATIAL LEVEL OF
PLANNING ACTIVITY

• National planning
• Regional or local planning
• Town or village planning
 TYPES OF PLANNING BASED ON THE
OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF ACTIVITY
• Project planning: one activity or set of related
activities, specific geographical location, a defined
time span (road, dam, school, etc.). Project vs
programme?
• Sectoral planning: refers to the division of the
government or economic sectors
• Integrated area planning: involves planning for all
sectors or types of activity within a particular
geographical area
 PLANNING, PLANNERS, AND
PLAN
• Planning is a process of producing a plan
• Planners (in this sense): professional planner
• A plan is not a purpose of planning, the purpose of
planning is the particular goals to be achieved
• A plan must not be a physical document which
provides a blueprint for future action, but it could be:
organizational charts, annual budgets, etc.
 PLANNING, POLICY-MAKING, AND
IMPLEMENTATION
• Policy-making involves making decisions about
general directions in which change or development
should occur
• Planning is the process of deciding what courses of
action can best bring about these changes or
developments and how the should be undertaken
• Implementation is the actual execution of these
courses of action
 THE POLITICAL CONTEXT OF
PLANNING
• There is interrelationship between planning
(planners), policy-making (politicians), and
implementation (administrators)

• Hence, planning cannot be considered in isolation

from the social, administrative and, in particular,
political environment in which it has to operate