Essential Elements of Public Speaking: Collecting Supporting Materials (Step 4)

Essential Elements of Public Speaking 6th Edition
Chapter 5
Collecting Supporting
Materials (Step 4)
Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives
5.1 Define, examples, illustrations, and narratives and explain the
guidelines for using this type of support.
5.2 Define and distinguish between figurative, and literal analogies and
identify the guidelines for using analogies.
5.3 Identify the various types of definitions and the guidelines for using
them in a public speech.
5.4 Define testimony and identify the guidelines for using this form of
support.
5.5 Explain the types of numerical data that may be useful in a public
speech and the guidelines for using such support.
5.6 Explain the usefulness of quotations, comparisons and contrasts,
fact series, and repetition and restatement.
Examples, Illustrations, and Narratives 1 of 3
LO 5.1 Define examples, illustrations, and narratives and explain the guidelines for using
this type of support.
Types of Examples, Illustrations, and Narratives

• Examples
• Supporting materials in which specific instances are used to
explain a concept
• Illustrations
• Specific instances drawn in greater detail than a brief example
• Narratives
• Illustrations told in story form
Guidelines for Using Examples, Illustrations, and
Narratives
• Limit the length
• Make examples only as long as necessary
• Stress relevancy
• Should be directly relevant to the proposition you want to
support
• Distinguish between real and hypothetical examples
• Let audience know if you are using real or hypothetical
examples
The Power of Examples
What do you see

as the greatest
value of examples,
illustrations, and
narratives?
Fotosearch RF/Getty Images

Guidelines for Using Examples, Illustrations, and
Narratives continued
• Use examples to emphasize the widespread nature or
significance of an issue or problem
• Use examples that are representative or outstanding
• May wish to use a purposely farfetched example
• Use examples that are relevant
Analogies 1 of 2
LO 5.2 Define and distinguish between figurative and literal analogies and identify the
guidelines for using analogies.
An analogy is the comparison of two things

Types of Analogies
• A figurative analogy is an expressed comparison of two
items of different types
• A literal analogy is an expressed comparison of two
items from the same class or type
Analogies 2 of 2
Guidelines in Using Analogies
• Avoid using analogies as proof
• Use comparable cases
• Make sure that the cases are alike in essential respects
• Place differences in context
• Point out level of significance analogy illustrates
Definitions 1 of 3
LO 5.3 Identify the various types of definitions and the guidelines for using them in a public
speech.
Types of Definitions
• Definition by etymology
• Refers to the origin and development of the word’s meaning
• Definition by authority
• A definition advanced by an expert
Definitions 2 of 3
Types of Definitions continued
• Definition by negation
• A word is defined by what it’s not
• Definition by specific examples
• The word’s meaning is suggested by examples
Definitions 3 of 3
Guidelines in Using Definitions
• Use when explaining difficult or unfamiliar concepts
• Use to make a concept more vivid or forceful
• Make sure definitions only define what needs defining
Definitions
Lisa Klumpp/E+/Getty Images

Throughout college you’ll be learning more and more definitions since
each discipline has its own jargon. What do you want in a definition of an
unfamiliar term? Put differently, how might your college instructors make
their definitions clearer to you?
Testimony 1 of 3
LO 5.4 Define testimony and identify the guidelines for using this form of support.
Types of Testimony
• Expert testimonies are the testimonies of an authority
• Eyewitness testimonies are the testimonies of
someone who has witnessed an event
Negative Testimony
In what ways
might testimony
backfire and
actually damage
Blend Images/Alamy Stock Photo
the speaker’s
persuasiveness?
Testimony 2 of 3
Types of Testimony continued
• Interviews
• Can interview an expert or eyewitness
• Must be able to listen actively, for total meaning, with empathy,
an open mind, and ethically
10 suggestions to help you use interviewing to
secure the needed testimony
1. Select the person you wish to interview.
2. Secure an appointment.
3. Select your topic areas.
4. Create a cheat sheet.
5. Establish rapport with the interviewee.
6. Ask open-ended questions.
7. Display effective interpersonal communication.
8. Ask for permission to record or print the interview.
9. Close with an expression of appreciation.
10. Follow up with a thank-you note.
Testimony 3 of 3
Guidelines in Using Testimony
• Stress the competence of the person
• Make sure the audience sees the person as competent
• Stress the unbiased nature of the testimony
• Perceived bias will lower effectiveness of the testimony
• Stress the recency of the testimony
• Show audience that information is recent and up to date
Numerical Data 1 of 3
LO 5.5 Explain the types of numerical data that may be useful in a public speech and the
guidelines for using such support.
Types of Numerical Data

• Raw numbers are numbers that have not been
subjected to manipulation
• Statistics are summary numbers
• Measures of central tendency tell you the general
pattern in a group of numbers
• Mean
• Median
• Mode
Statistics
Andrey Popov / Shutterstock

From all the speeches you have heard, what mistakes do
speakers make in using statistics?
Types of Numerical Data continued
• Measures of correlation is a measure of the extent to
which one item can be predicted from the other item
• Positive correlation
• Negative correlation
• Measures of difference is the measure of disparity or
difference
• Range
• Percentages are the portion of a total, expressed as a
portion of 100
Guidelines for Using Numerical Data
• Make sure numbers are clear
• Make explicit the meaning of numbers you’re using
• Use numbers in moderation
• Use only reliable and current numerical data
Additional Forms of Support
LO 5.6 Explain the usefulness of quotations, comparisons and contrasts, fact series, and
repetition and restatement.
Quotations
• Should be short, comprehensible, and related to point
Comparison and Contrast

Simple Statement of Facts or Series of Facts
• Can explain a statement or position
Repetition and Restatement

• Repetition helps audience grasp what you are saying
• Restatement helps with culturally diverse audiences

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Essential Elements of Public Speaking 6th Edition

Types of Examples, Illustrations, and Narratives

What do you see

Fotosearch RF/Getty Images

An analogy is the comparison of two things

Lisa Klumpp/E+/Getty Images

Types of Numerical Data

Andrey Popov / Shutterstock

Comparison and Contrast

Repetition and Restatement

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