PRODUCTION IN ECONOMICS

MSPM’s
Deogiri Institute of Engineering and Management Studies Aurangabad
A CA2 Presentation for Economics and Management
Presented by –
3761 Tejas Kalyankar
3762 Urja Dhabarde
3763 Vedant Kathar
3764 Vyankatesh Pophale
3765 Harsh Bhosle
Under the guidance of – Prof. Prasad Sahastrabudhhe
 Contents

Introduction
Types of internetworking
Devices for Internetworking
Requirements of Internetworking
 Introduction to Internetworking

Internetworking is the technique of connecting different networks by using

intermediary devices such as routers or gateway devices.
The standard reference model for internetworking is Open System
Interconnection (OSI) model.
Any interconnection among or between public, private, commercial,
industrial, or governmental computer networks may also be defined as an
internetwork or “Internetworking”.
 The Internet is the largest pool of networks
geographically located throughout the
world, but these networks are
interconnected using the same protocol
stack, TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol). TCP/IP is a concise version
of OSI model.

 Hence, Internetworking is only possible

when all the connected networks use the
same protocol stack or communication
methodologies.
 Types of Internetworking

Internetworking is implemented in Layer 3 (Network Layer) of this model

The most notable example of internetworking is the Internet. There are
three variants of Internetworking, depending on who administers and who
participates in them :
• Internet
• Intranet
• Extranet 
 Internet
It is a world wide, publicly accessible computer network of
interconnected computer networks (internetwork) that transmits data
using the standard IP.
Largest internetwork in the world is Internet.
It is a collection of interconnected computer networks, linked by copper
wires, fibre optic cables, wireless connections, etc.
World wide web is one of the services accessible via the internet.
 Intranet

It is a private network that is contained within an enterprise.

It is used for a business organization consisting of many interlinked LAN and
use any WAN technology for network connectivity.
Its purpose is to share company information and computing resources among
employees.
The content that is available inside the intranet are intended for the members
of that particular organization only (usually the employees).
 Extranet

It can be viewed as a part of company’s intranet that is extended

to users outside the company like suppliers, vendors, partners,
customers, or other business associates.
It is required for normal day-to-day business activities.
 Devices used for internetworking
Routers

Bridges

Repeaters

Gateways
 Router
Routers are networking devices operating at layer 3 (network layer) of the OSI model.
They are responsible for receiving, analyzing, and forwarding data packets among the
connected computer networks. When a data packet arrives, the router inspects the
destination address, consults its routing tables to decide the optimal route and then
transfers the packet along this route.
A router can be used both in LANs (Local Area Networks) and WANs (Wide Area
Networks).
•Routers are more expensive than other networking devices like hubs,bridges and
switches.
Routers are manufactured by some popular
companies like −
• Cisco
• D-Link
• HP
• 3Com
• Juniper
• Nortel
 Bridges
Bridges are used to connect two subnetworks that use interchangeable
protocols. It combines two LANs to form an extended LAN.
 Repeaters

Repeaters are network devices operating at physical layer of the OSI model that amplify
or regenerate an incoming signal before retransmitting it. They are incorporated in
networks to expand its coverage area. They are also known as signal boosters.
Advantages of Repeaters
•Repeaters are simple to install and can easily extend the length or the coverage area of
networks. They are cost effective.
•They can connect signals using different types of cables.
Disadvantages of Repeaters
•Repeaters cannot connect dissimilar networks.
•They cannot differentiate between actual signal and noise.
 Gateways
•Gateway is located at the boundary of a network and manages all data that inflows or
outflows from that network.
•It forms a passage between two different networks operating with different
transmission protocols.
•A gateway operates as a protocol converter, providing compatibility between the
different protocols used in the two different networks.
•The feature that differentiates a gateway from other network devices is that it can
operate at any layer of the OSI model.
•It also stores information about the routing paths of the communicating networks.
•It uses packet switching technique to transmit data across the networks.
 Requirements of Internetworking
Provide a link between networks. At minimum, a physical and link
control connection is needed.

Provide the routing for delivery of data between processes on different

networks.

Provide an accounting services that keeps track of the use of the

various networks and routers and maintains status information.
THANKYOU!