Generating Phrase Markers

06:30
Thursday, October 13 06:30 PM

10/13/2022
Christel Mae Lopez
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PRAYER - x
Introduction
Topic
06:30 PM
Teaching and Assessment of Grammar 10/13/2022
ACTIVITY - x
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Introduction
hfofsbujoh qisbtf nbslfst

Topic
06:30 PM
ACTIVITY - x
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Introduction
hfofsbujoh qisbtf nbslfst

Topic
generating phrase markers
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TOPIC - x
Introduction Generating
Phrase-Markers
Topic
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- x
We argued that:
- a grammar of a language is a model of the grammatical competence of the
fluent native speaker of the language
- acquiring a language involves acquiring a finite system of rules which generate
Introduction
(i.e. specify how to form, interpret, and pronounce) the infinite set of well-formed
sentence structures in the language
Topic
The task of the linguist describing a particular grammar is to devise a finite system
of rules of sentence formation, interpretation, and pronunciation that will
generate the infinite set of well-formed sentence structures in the language.
06:30 PM
Generating Phrase-Markers 10/13/2022
- x
syntactic rules in a grammar have two tasks to fulfil:
(i) specify which sequences of words form grammatical sentences in a language,

(ii) specify the internal syntactic structure of such sentence
Introduction
superficial syntactic structure (S-structure) of a sentence can be
represented in the form of labelled tree-diagram or phrase marker
Topic
generating = (specifying how to form)
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- x
What kind of rules could we devise which would generate Phrase-markers?
Introduction NP M VP
must AP
D N V PP
This boy seem

Topic ADVP A P NP
ADV stupid to D N
incredibly that girl
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ABBREVIATION - x
S
S = Clause/Sentence; M = Modal; D = Determiner;
ADVP = Adverbial Phrase; ADV = Adverb;
Generated by Phrase Structure Rules (PS rules)
P = Preposition; PP = Prepositional Phrase;
as they specify how sentences are structured out
N = Noun; NP = Noun Phrase;
of phrases, and phrases out of words.
V = Verb; VP = Verb Phrase;
A = Adjective; AP = Adjectival Phrase
S
NP M VP
D N must V AP PP
This boy seem

ADVP A P NP
ADV stupid to D N

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- x
How are you going to interpret this PS rule?
[X Y Z]
Introduction ‘You can form an X by taking a Y immediately followed by a

Z’
Topic
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Categorical Rules - x
(i) S NP M VP (iv) ADVP ADV
Introduction (ii) VP V AP PP (v) PP P NP
(iii) AP ADVP A (vi) NP D N
Topic
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(ii) VP V AP PP (v) PP P NP
- x
(i) S NP M VP
Introduction
S
NP M VP
Topic
partial tree-structure
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- x
(ii) VP V AP PP
S
Introduction
NP M VP
V AP PP
Topic
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(iii) AP ADVP A (iv) ADVP ADV

S
Introduction
NP M VP
V AP PP
Topic
ADVP A
ADV
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(v) PP P NP - x
S
Introduction
NP M VP
V AP PP
Topic
ADVP A P NP
ADV
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(vi) NP D N - x
S
Introduction
NP M VP
D N V AP PP
Topic
ADVP A P NP
ADV D N
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Syntactic component of our grammar - x
Lexicon = dictionary
Lexical Entry = dictionary entry
Lexical Item = item in the dictionary
- x
boy: N,…
LEXICALISATION PRINCIPLE - x
girl: N,…
Introduction
incredibly: ADV,… Any lexical item (= word) listed in the
must: M,… dictionary as belonging to a given
seem: V,… word-category can be inserted under
stupid: A,… any corresponding (terminal) category
Topic
that: D,… node in any P-marker
this: D,…
to: P,…
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- x
This boy must seem incredibly stupid to that girl
S
NP M VP
must
D N V AP PP
This boy seem

ADVP A P NP
ADV stupid to D N
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- x
(a) This boy must seem incredibly stupid to this girl
(b) That boy must seem incredibly stupid to that girl
(c) That boy must seem incredibly stupid to this girl
- x
(d) This boy must seem incredibly stupid to this boy
(e) This boy must seem incredibly stupid to that boy Thus, a grammar incorporating
(f) That boy must seem incredibly stupid to this boy a set of Phrase Structure
(g) That boy must seem incredibly stupid to that boy Rules, a Lexicon and a
Lexicalisation Principle can
(h) This girl must seem incredibly stupid to this girl provide a partial account of the
(i) This girl must seem incredibly stupid to that girl creativity of natural language,
(j) That girl must seem incredibly stupid to that girl insofar as the set of rules
(k) That girl must seem incredibly stupid to this girl necessary to generate one S-
(l) This girl must seem incredibly stupid to this boy structure like (this boy must
seem incredibly stupid to
(m) This girl must seem incredibly stupid to that boy this girl) will also generate
(n) That girl must seem incredibly stupid to that boy 'novel' sentence structures.
(o) That girl must seem incredibly stupid to this boy
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- x
Generative Capacity
1. expanding the Lexicon
2. expanding the Categorical Rules (Phrase Structure Rules)
• expanding the Lexicon - x

Lexicon Modals - may, might, will, can
Nouns - man, woman, professor, student, person, waiter
Determiners - a and the
Adverbs - really, decidedly, completely, utterly, surprisingly
Adjectives - nice, uncomfortable, randy, generous, trendy, gorgeous
Verbs - feel, appear, become
Prepositions - with, on, by, towards
By expanding, our grammar would then generate thousands of sentence structures.
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expanding the Lexicon - x
This boy must seem incredibly stupid to this girl
EX: A boy must be utterly sincere with a girl
This girl might appear really trendy to the waiter
The student may feel surprisingly uncomfortable with the professor
NP M VP
D N V AP PP
ADVP A P NP
ADV D N
The student may feel surprisingly uncomfortable with the professor

06:30 PM
- x
Generative Capacity
1. expanding the Lexicon
2. expanding the Categorical Rules (Phrase Structure Rules)
• expanding the Categorical Rules - x

To modify our rules so as to take account of the fact that the occurrence of
the Prepositional Phrase in sentence structures like (This boy must seem
incredibly stupid to this girl) is optional.
We see from the grammaticality of sentences such as:

This boy must seem incredibly stupid
Categorical Rules
In order to account for this, we might propose to make the Prepositional
Phrase an optional constituent of the Verb Phrase: this we could do by (i) S NP M VP
replacing rule (ii) into this VP (ii) VP V AP PP
V AP (PP)
(iii) AP ADVP A
Revised the rule to this: VP V AP
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- x
Revised rule: VP V AP
Sentence: This boy must seem incredibly stupid
-
Categorical Rules x - x
In order to account for sentence such as
(iv) ADVP ADV
[NP Boys] must seem incredibly stupid to [NP girls]
(v) PP P NP
(vi) NP D N
Revised the rule to this: NP (D) N
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infinite recursion - x
one clause can be embedded inside another
indefinitely many times
- x
• [S John will say nothing]
• [S Fred may think [S John will say nothing] ]
• [S Jim must realise [S Fred may think [S John will say nothing] ] ]
• [S Pete could suspect [S Jim must realise [S Fred may think [S John will say nothing] ] ] ]
any set of Categorial Rules which we devise to generate sentences like the
given example must allow for potentially infinite recursion of S.
But how can this be done?
06:30 PM
PS Rules
(i) S NP M VP - x
(ii) VP V
{ NP
S
S
(iii) NP (D) N
NP M VP
Introduction
Topic
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PS Rules
- x
(i) S NP M VP
(ii) VP V NP
(ii) VP V
{ NP
S
S
(iii) NP (D) N
NP M VP
Introduction
V NP
Topic
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PS Rules
(i) S NP M VP • [S John will say nothing] - x
(ii) VP V
{ NP
S
S
(iii) NP (D) N NP M VP
Introduction N V NP
Topic John will say nothing
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PS Rules
(i) S NP M VP let's consider an alternative derivation - x
(ii) VP V
{ NP
S
(ii) VP V S
S
NP M VP
Introduction
V S
Topic
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PS Rules
(i) S NP M VP - x
(ii) VP V
{ NP or
S S
NP M VP
VP V S (then
reapply the first rule)
V S
Introduction
NP M VP
Topic
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PS Rules • [S Fred may think [S John will say nothing] ]
(i) S NP M VP - x
S
(ii) VP V
{ NP or
S NP M VP
VP V S (then may
N V S
reapply the first rule)
Fred think NP M VP
followed by the (ii) rule
Introduction
VP V NP
will
N V NP
(iii) NP (D) N
John say
N
nothing
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PS Rules • [S John will say nothing]
- x
(i) S NP M VP • [S Fred may think [S John will say nothing] ]
(ii) VP V
{ NP
S
• [S Jim must realise [S Fred may think [S John will say nothing] ] ]
• [S Pete could suspect [S Jim must realise [S Fred may think
[S John will say nothing] ] ] ]
(ii) NP (D) N
- x
Introduction
Clear enough from the above discussion that by reapplying the same set of (PS) rules
more and more times, we can generate more and more complex sentences. In fact,
there is potentially no limit on the number of times we can keep reapplying the rules;
and in consequence, there is no limit on the length or number of such sentences that
we can generate
Topic
The rule above will generate an infinite set of abstract sentence structures.
The interesting property that the rule-system has which enables a finite set of rules to
generate an infinite set of sentence structures is that of recursion.
06:30 PM
PS Rules
(i) S NP M VP
(ii) VP V { NP
S
(ii) NP (D) N
- x
In that case of given PS rules, the recursion resides in the fact
that rule (ii) generates as part of its output the category symbol
S, which in turn can serve as input to rule (i) whose output
includes a symbol (VP) which can serve as input to rule (ii).
Thus (i) and (ii) rule form a recursive subsystem.
06:30 PM
- x
What exactly we mean by the term generate?
It is a rule which generates a certain structure
tells you how to form, create, or produce that structure.
For example, we might interpret a Phrase Structure Rule such as:
S NP M VP
S
NP M VP
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- x
S NP M VP
S
NP M VP
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- x
S NP M VP
S
NP M VP
INSTUCTION OF THE FORM:

Let the S-node immediately dominate the NP, M, and VP nodes;
and let the NP node immediately precede the M node, and let the
M node immediately precede the VP node.
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- x
S
What a native speaker actually does in his mind when he
NP VP produces a sentence is …
M
this instruction (Let the S-node immediately dominate the NP,
M, and VP nodes; and let the NP node immediately precede the
M node, and let the M node immediately precede the VP node.)
which is all about precedence and dominance. But that claim
along the above lines would be patently absurd.
What amounts this statement to is a crude attempt to

misconstrue the model of syntactic competence we are
attempting to develop as a performance model.
06:30 PM
Phrase Structure Rules should be thought of as analogous to
municipal building regulations:
Introduction
they lay down certain structural conditions which sentences
must meet and they license certain types of sentence structure
as well-formed
Topic
Teaching 06:00 PM
Teaching and
and Assessment
Assessment of
of Grammar
Grammar 10/10/2022
Introduction
Topic
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06:30

Thursday, October 13 06:30 PM

hfofsbujoh qisbtf nbslfst

hfofsbujoh qisbtf nbslfst

(i) specify which sequences of words form grammatical sentences in a language,

This boy seem

incredibly that girl

This boy seem

incredibly that girl

Introduction ‘You can form an X by taking a Y immediately followed by a

(iii) AP ADVP A (iv) ADVP ADV

This boy seem

incredibly that girl

• expanding the Lexicon - x

By expanding, our grammar would then generate thousands of sentence structures.

The student may feel surprisingly uncomfortable with the professor

• expanding the Categorical Rules - x

We see from the grammaticality of sentences such as:

Topic John will say nothing

INSTUCTION OF THE FORM:

What amounts this statement to is a crude attempt to

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