Tymoczko • Berg • Stryer

Biochemistry:
A Short Course
Third Edition

CHAPTER 1
Biochemistry and
the Unity of Life

© 2015 W. H. Freeman and Company

Voi Châu Phi có khối lượng gấp 3 x 1018 lần so với vi khuẩn E.coli
và phức tạp, hoạt động sinh hóa của hai sinh vật này rất giống
nhau
Chapter 1: Outline
 1.1 Living Systems Require a Limited Variety
of Atoms and Molecules

Of the 90 naturally occurring elements, only three—

oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon—make up 98% of the atoms
in any organism.

Hydrogen and oxygen are so prevalent (phổ biến) because

of the ubiquity of water.

Carbon is uniquely suited to be a key atom of biomolecules

Proteins are Highly Versatile Biomolecules

Proteins play many roles, such as signal molecules,

receptors for signal molecules and enzymes, biological
catalysts.
 Nucleic Acids are the Information Molecules of the Cell

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

There are two types of nucleic acids:

• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) consists of a double helix of

polymers made up of deoxyribose, phosphate, and four
bases: A, G, C, and T. In the double helix, A pairs with T, and
G pairs with C.
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a single-stranded polymer made
up of ribose; phosphate ; and the bases A, G, C and U.
Lipids Are a Storage Form of Fuel and Serve As a Barrier

A key property of lipids is that they have

hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

Lipids form barriers, called membranes, that

allow compartmentalization.

Lipids also function as fuel molecules and signal

molecules.
Carbohydrates Are Fuels and Informational
Molecules
Carbohydrates are an important fuel source.
Glucose is a common carbohydrate.
Carbohydrates are also important signal molecules,
notably in cell-cell recognition.

Glucose is stored as
glycogen in animals.
Figure 1.5 The structure of glycogen.
Glycogen is a branched polymer composed of glucose molecules.
The protein identified by the letter G at the center of the glycogen
molecule is required for glycogen synthesis
The central dogma states that information flows
from DNA to RNA to protein. Moreover, DNA is
replicated.
• Màng là một lớp lipid kép.
• Sinh vật nhân chuẩn chứa các khoang chứa màng
bên trong tế bào.
• Prokaryote thiếu màng nội bào.
Figure 1.9 The bilayer structure of a membrane.
(A) Membranes are composed of two layers or sheets.
(B) The hydrophobic parts of the layers interact with each other,
and the hydrophilic parts interact with the environment
Mitochondria are the primary site of ATP
generation in eukaryotic cells.

Chloroplasts, found in plant cells, are the site of

photosynthesis.
Figure 1.15 The mitochondrion. The mitochondrial
matrix is shown in light blue in part B
Figure 1.16 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Smooth ER
lacks ribosomes. Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it.