Fundamentals of Electrical

and Electronics (FEE)

 Nortan Equivalent Circuit
 Using Norton’s theorem, we can obtain an equivalent composed of an independent current
source in parallel with a resistor.

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Nortan Equivalent Circuit (Cont..)
 Problem 1:

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Nortan Equivalent Circuit (Cont..)

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Nortan Equivalent Circuit (Cont..)
 Problem 2:

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 Source Transformation
 Practical voltage source:

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Source Transformation (Cont..)
 Practical Current source:

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Source Transformation (Cont..)
 Example:

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Source Transformation (Cont..)
 Transformation:

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Source Transformation (Cont..)
 Example:

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Source Transformation (Cont..)
 Problem 1:

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Source Transformation (Cont..)
 Problem 2:

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 Maximum Power Transfer

 An independent voltage source in series with a resistance , or an independent current source in

parallel with a resistance , delivers maximum power to a load resistance such that

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 Millman’s Theorem
 Millman’s Theorem states that – when a number of voltage sources (…., ) are in parallel
having internal resistance (…., ) respectively, the arrangement can replace by a single
equivalent voltage source V in series with an equivalent series resistance R.

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 Tellegen’s Theorem
 Statement: The summation of instantaneous powers at any time ‘t’ for the n number of
branches in an electrical network is zero, if KCL and KVL are satisfied.

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