Fundamentals of Electrical

and Electronics (FEE)

Mesh Analysis (Cont.)

Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics 2

Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics 3
 Supermesh Analysis
 If two meshes have a current source as a common element, then it is a supermesh problem.

Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics 4

 Linearity
 Linear element: Passive element that has a linear voltage-current relationship.

 Linear dependent source: A dependent current or voltage source whose output current or
voltage is proportional only to the first order power of a specified current or voltage variable
in the circuit (or to the sum of such quantities).

Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics 5

Linearity (Cont..)
 Linear dependent source: A dependent current or voltage source whose output current or
voltage is proportional only to the first order power of a specified current or voltage variable
in the circuit (or to the sum of such quantities).

 Linear circuit: A circuit composed entirely of independent sources, linear dependent sources,
and linear elements.

Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics 6

 Superposition Theorem
• The principle of superposition states that the response (a desired current or voltage) in a linear
circuit having more than one independent source can be obtained by adding the responses
caused by the separate independent sources acting alone.

Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics 7

Superposition (Cont..)
 In any linear resistive network, the voltage across or the current through any resistor or source
may be calculated by adding algebraically all the individual voltages or currents caused by the
separate independent sources acting alone, with all other independent voltage sources replaced
by short circuits and all other independent current sources replaced by open circuits.

Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics 8

Superposition (Cont..)

Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics 9

Superposition (Cont..)

Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics 10

Superposition (Summary)
1. Select one of the independent sources and set all other independent sources to zero: This
means voltage sources are replaced with short circuits and current sources are replaced with
open circuits. Leave dependent sources in the circuit.

2. Relabel voltages and currents using suitable notation.

3. Analyze the simplified circuit to find the desired currents and/or voltages.

4. Repeat steps 1 through 3 until each independent source has been considered.

5. Add the partial currents and/or voltages obtained from the separate analyses: Pay careful
attention to voltage signs and current directions when summing.

6. Do not add power quantities. If power quantities are required, calculate only after partial
voltages and/or currents have been summed.
Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics 11
Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
 Thevenin’s theorem tells us that it is possible to replace everything except the load resistor
with an independent voltage source in series with a the response measured at the load resistor
will be unchanged.

 Using Norton’s theorem, we can obtain an equivalent composed of an independent current

source in parallel with a resistor.

Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics 12

Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics 13