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©2015 National Safety Council ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY 1
Engineering & Technology

Chapter 1
Safety Through Design
1-1. The Model for Safety Through Design
1-2. Benefits of Safety Through Design
• Significant reductions in injuries, illnesses, and damage to the

environment
• Improved productivity
• Reduced operating costs
• Avoidance of expensive retrofitting to correct design
shortcomings
1-3. Hierarchy of Controls
To achieve the greatest effectiveness in hazard avoidance, elimination,

or control, companies should apply the following priorities to all
design and redesign processes:
First Priority: Fourth Priority:

Eliminate or reduce risk in the Provide warning systems
design and redesign process
Fifth Priority:
Second Priority: Apply administrative controls
Reduce risks by substituting less
hazardous methods or materials
Sixth Priority:
Use personal protective equipment
Third Priority:
Incorporate safety devices
Chapter 2
Buildings and Facility Layout
2-1. Design for Safety
General Design Considerations Factors to Consider in the

• Illumination Design of Tools & Equipment
• Noise and vibration control • Construction and procedures
• Product flow • Visual displays, signs, labels
• Ventilation • Protective features and guards
• Control of temperature and • Controls and handles
humidity • Maintenance and service needs
• Employee work positions and • Accident prevention signs
movements
• Supervision and communication
• Support requirements
2-2. Factors Affecting Site Selection
• Relationship of structure to climate and terrain

• Space requirements
• Type and size of buildings
• Necessary disposal facilities
• Transportation to and from facilities
• Market
• Labor supply
• Hazards to the community
2-3. Factors Affecting Size, Shape & Type of Structure
• Nature of the Business and Processes

• Nature of the Production Materials
• Maintenance
• Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning Equipment
• Working Conditions
• Shipping and Receiving Materials
• Economic Considerations
Chapter 3
Construction of Facilities
3-1. Elements of a Safety Plan
A successful plan must address:

• Site-specific hazards
• Safety expectations regarding safe work practices
• Clearly defined safety roles and responsibilities
3-2. Role of the Field Engineer
• Identify site-specific safety hazards to contractors

• Establish that the contractors recognize hazards and are
prepared to deal with them
• Coordinate the interfaces between contractors
• Coordinate the interfaces between contractors and operating
facilities
• Verify that the contractor is performing to agreed-upon contract
requirements
Chapter 4
Maintenance of Facilities
4-1. Components of Facility Maintenance
• Proper long-term care of the buildings, grounds, and equipment

• Routine care to service and appearance
• Repair work required to restore or improve service and
appearance
4-2. Stairs and Exits
Note the following items, and repair or correct any defects found
during a maintenance inspection:
• appropriate exit signs • doors that open in the direction
• improper or inadequate design, of an exit
construction, or location • poor housekeeping
• lack of handrails • wet, slippery, or damaged
• handrails placed too low or surfaces
rough handrails • faulty treads or mats on stairs
• improper lighting (including • lack of curbing on ramps
emergency lighting) • differentiation between
• obstructions – the exit access
• locked doors – the exit
– the exit discharge
4-3. Indoor Environmental Quality Elements
• Lighting
• Ventilation
• Chemical contaminants
• Biological agents
• Noise
• Vibration
• Air quality
• Ergonomics
• Temperature
• Particulates
• Relative humidity
Chapter 5
Fired Pressure Vessels (Boilers) and Unfired Pressure Vessels
5-1. Common Causes of Explosions in Pressure Vessels
Anticipate and avoid the following common causes of explosions in

pressure vessels:
• errors in design, construction, and installation

• improper operation, human failure, and improper training of
operators
• corrosion or erosion of construction materials
• Failure or intentional defeat of safety devices, and failure or
override of automatic control devices
• failure to inspect thoroughly, properly, and frequently
• improper application of equipment
• overfiring
• lack of planned preventive maintenance
5-2. Safety Devices for Pressure Vessels
• Safety valves—the spring-loaded type is commonly used on vessels

containing air, steam, gases, and liquids
• Rupture disks—commonly used in chemical processing plants, these
devices are designed to open and relieve pressure on a vessel or system
of vessels
• Vacuum breakers—may be spring-loaded or weight-balanced, these
are used on vessels working intermittently between pressure and
vacuum
• Water seal—a U-pipe filled with water used on vessels that operate on
low pressure or under slight vacuum, such as alcohol stills and gas
holders
• Vents—relieves contents of a vessel before excess pressure builds
• Regulation (or reducing) valves—reduces high-pressure steam to
the pressure required for a specific operation
Chapter 6
Safeguarding
6-1. Characteristics of a Proper Guard
The characteristics of a proper guard include:

• integrated as a part of the machine
• well constructed, durable, and strong
• able to accommodate workpiece feeding and ejection
• protective
• easy to inspect and maintain
• relatively tamper-proof or foolproof
On the other hand, a guard should not:

• create another hazard
• interfere with production
• cause work discomfort
6-2. Safeguarding the Point of Operation of a Power Press
Chapter 7
Personal Protective Equipment
7-1. Permissible Noise Exposures
7-2. Suggested Outline for Selecting
Respiratory Protection Devices
7-3. Protective Footwear Requirements
Chapter 8
Electrical Safety
8-1. Path of Current
8-2. Electrical Equipment Selection and
Installation Checklist
• Selecting Electrical Equipment – push button or snap switches

– follow recommendations of – flush switches
established codes & standards – surface switches
– check state & local codes for • Protective Devices
zoning requirements – fuses, link fuses, plug fuses,
cartridge fuses
• Installing Electrical Equipment
– circuit breakers
– interlocks
• Ground-Fault Circuit
– barriers Interrupters
– warning signs • Control Equipment
– guarding
• Motors
• Switches – dust, oils, moisture
– knife switches – misalignment and vibration
– pendant switches – overloads
– friction and wear
8-3. Electrical Equipment Selection and
Installation Checklist (continued)
• Extension Cords – wattmeter

– portable tools – industrial analyzer
– heating devices – receptacle circuit tester
– flexible cords – receptacle tension tester
– extension lamps – voltage detector
• Test Equipment – recording instrument
– ammeter – specialized testing instruments
– voltmeter
– megohmmeter
– ground-fault indicators and
locators
8-4. Electrical Detectors
Chapter 9
Fire Protection
9-1. Fire Risk Assessment Steps
9-2. Objectives of a Fire Protection Program
1. Preventing fires
2. Detecting and responding to fires
– early detection
– initiating appropriate alarms
– responding quickly to alarms
3. Controlling, suppressing, and extinguishing fires
4. Recovering from fires
9-3. Example Risk Matrix
9-4. Fire Extinguisher Classification and Symbols
9-5. Common Types of Sprinklers and
Water-Spray Systems
• Automatic Sprinklers—the most extensively used fixed fire
extinguishing system, considered by most fire protection engineers as the
most important fire-fighting tool
• Wet-Pipe Systems—accounts for the greatest percentage of sprinkler
installation, this system works when heat fuses the fusible link on a
sprinkler head, immediately releasing water over the area below
• Dry-Pipe Systems—a substitute for the wet-pipe system commonly
used in areas where piping is exposed to freezing temperatures
• Pre-Action Systems—similar to dry-pipe systems, this sprinkler
system works faster because a pre-action valve, actuated by a separate
fire detection system, controls the water supply
• Deluge Systems—commonly designed for facilities that contain large
quantities of flammable materials and where great quantities of water
must be applied over large areas. These systems are recommended
wherever quickly spreading fires (flash fires) are possible
Chapter 10
Flammable and Combustible Liquids
10-1. Hazards of Flammable and Combustible Liquids
The degree of potential hazard from flammable and combustible

liquids depends on four elements:
• The flash point of the liquid (lowest temperature at which liquid
gives off enough vapor to create a flammable mixture near the
surface of the liquid)
• The concentration of vapors in the air (whether the vapor-air
mixture is within the flammable range)
• The availability of a source of ignition at sufficient temperature
to enable ignition
• The degree to which ventilation prevents accumulation of
vapors
10-2. Potential Health Hazards Associated with
Flammable Liquids
• Skin irritation
• Intoxication or illness from inhaling vapors
• Oxygen deficiency in closed containers used to store these
liquids
Chapter 11
Nanomaterials in the Workplace
11-1. Steps for Clearing Use of
Nanomaterials in the Workplace
1. Investigate and determine the physical and chemical properties

(size, shape, solubility, etc.) that influence the potential toxicity
of the nanoparticle
2. Evaluate short- and long-term effects nanomaterials may have
on organ systems and tissue
3. Determine biological mechanisms for potential toxic effects
4. Create and integrate models to assist in assessing potential
hazards
5. Determine if a measure, other than mass, is more appropriate
for determining toxicity
11-2. Monitoring Results of Nanomaterials Use
After nanomaterials are put into use in the workplace, epidemiology

and surveillance can be used to measure the consequences of this use.
These monitoring steps include:
•evaluating existing epidemiological studies of workplaces where
nanomaterials are used
•identifying knowledge gaps in which epidemiological studies could
promote the understanding of nanomaterials and evaluating the
likelihood of conducting such studies
•integrating nanotechnology health and safety issues into existing
hazard surveillance methods and determining whether additional
screening methods are needed
•using existing studies to share data and information about
nanotechnology
Chapter 12
Materials Handling and Storage
12-1. Rules for Lifting
• DO engineer manual lifting and lowering out of the task and

workplace.
• DO be in good physical shape.
• DO think before acting.
• DO get a good grip on the load.
• DO get the load close to the body.
• DO NOT twist the back or bend sideways.
• DO NOT lift or lower awkwardly.
• DO NOT hesitate to get mechanical help or help from another
person.
• DO NOT lift with the arms extended.
• DO NOT continue lifting when the load is too heavy.
12-2. Guidelines for Lifting
Two limits are provided based on epidemiological, biomechanical, physiological,
and psychophysical criteria:
1. Maximum Permissible Limit 2. Action Limit (AL)—the large
(MPL) is defined to best meet four variability in capacities between
criteria: individuals in the population indicates
• Musculoskeletal injury and severity the need for administrative controls
rates increase significantly in when conditions exceed this limit
populations where work is based on:
performed above MPL • Musculoskeletal injury incidence and
• Biomechanical compression forces severity rates increase moderately in
on the spinal discs are not tolerable populations exposed to lifting
over 1,430 lbs (650 kg) in most conditions described by the AL
workers • A 770-lb (350 kg) compression force
• Metabolic rates exceed 5.0 Kcal/min on the spinal discs can be tolerated by
for most individuals working above most young, healthy workers
MPL • Metabolic rates would exceed 3.5 for
• About 25% of men and less than 1% most individuals working above AL
of women have the muscle strength • More than 75% of women and more
capable of performing above MPL than 99% of men could lift loads
described by AL
Chapter 13
Hoisting and Conveying Equipment
13-1. Unsafe Conditions for Overhead Traveling Cranes
• Bearing: loose, worn • Couplings: loose, worn

• Brakes: shoe wear • Drum: rough edges on cable
• Bridge: alignment out of true grooves
(indicated by screeching or • End stops on trolley: loose,
squealing wheels) missing, improper placement of
• Bumpers on bridge: loose, • Footwalk: condition
missing, improper placement of • Gears: lack of lubrication or
• Collector shoes or bars: worn, foreign material in gear teeth
pitted, loose, broken (indicated by grinding or
• Controllers: faulty operation squealing)
because of electrical or
mechanical defects
13-2. Unsafe Conditions for Overhead Traveling Cranes
(Cont.)
• Guards: bent, broken, lost • Mechanical parts (rivets, covers,

• Hoisting cable: broken wires etc.): Loose
• Hook block: chipped sheave • Overload relay: frequent
wheels tripping of power
• Hooks: straightening • Rails (trolley or runway):
• Lights (warning or signal): broken, chipped, cracked
burned out, broken • Wheels: worn (indicated by
• Limit switch: functioning bumpy riding)
improperly
• Lubrication: overflowing on
rails, dirty cups
13-3. Hazards of Aerial Baskets
The most frequent causes of unintentional incidents while using
mobile aerial baskets include the following:
• not observing proper precautions against electrical hazards to
personnel both in the basket and on the ground
• improper positioning of vehicle or outriggers, lack of sufficient blocking
under outriggers, or overloading the boom, causing the apparatus to
overturn or fall
• overreaching from basket or other improper work procedures
• not using proper personal protective equipment, including safety belts
• moving the truck while the boom is raised, or moving where there is
inadequate clearance for the boom
• structural or mechanical failure, or control jamming
• swinging the boom or basket against overhead obstructions or
energized equipment
• moving the boom into positions that interfere with traffic
• inadequately training personnel
Chapter 14
Ropes, Chains, and Slings
14-1. Factors to Consider When Choosing Rope
14-2. Wire Rope Cross Section
• Wire rope is made from a number of individual wires grouped in

strands, then laid together over a core member (fiber core, an
independent wire core, or strand core).
• The number of wires per strand and the number of strands per
core depend on the expected working conditions and the
amount of flexibility required.
14-3. Chain Sling Inspections
Chain slings require three types of inspection:
1. Initial inspections—Both new and repaired slings should be

inspected before use to determine
a) that each sling meets the requirements of the purchase order;
b) that it is the correct type and has the proper rated capacity for
the application;
c) that it has not been damaged in shipment, unpacking, or storage.
2. Frequent inspections— The sling should be inspected by the
person handling it each time it is used.
3. Periodic inspections—A semiannual or more frequent inspection
should be performed by a competent person who is experienced in
the inspection of chain slings. The frequency of periodic inspections
should be based on the following factors: frequency of use, severity of
service conditions, and knowledge about the service life of slings used
in present or similar conditions.
Chapter 15
Powered Industrial Trucks
15-1. Typical Pallet-Loading Patterns
15-2. Lift-Truck Maneuvers
A. turning a sharp corner

B. turning across an aisle
A B
C. turning in an exceptionally
narrow aisle
D. turning around in a narrow
passage
C D
15-3. Distribution of Load
• (Left diagram) With forks spread wide, the load is well

distributed and tends to bind together.
• (Right diagram) With forks positioned too close together, the
pallet tends to seesaw.
Chapter 16
Haulage and Off-Road Equipment
16-1. Safety Components
There are four basic safety components related to haulage and the
operation of off-road equipment:
•the working environment around the equipment or machine
•the machine itself
•the worker
•the work process
16-2. General Safety Requirements
Prevent accidents to heavy equipment by:

• maintaining safety features on equipment
• systematically maintaining equipment and making repairs
• training operators
• training repair and maintenance personnel
• training employees
• planning work processes
16-3. Hand Signals for Flaggers
Chapter 17
Hand and Portable Power Tools
17-1. Safety Practices
By observing the following six safety practices, most unintentional
incidents with hand tools and portable power tools can be eliminated.
1. Provide proper protective equipment.

– eye and face protection
– hand and arm protection
– respiratory protective equipment
– hearing protection
2. Select the right tool for the job.
3. Know if a tool is in good condition and keep it in good condition.
4. Properly ground power tools, using a ground-fault circuit
interrupter (GFCI) protected circuit.
5. Use tools correctly.
6. Keep tools in a safe place.
17-2. Necessary Safety Program Activities
• Train employees to select the right tools.

• Establish regular tool inspections.
• Train and supervise employees to correctly use tools.
• Establish a procedure to control company tools.
• Provide proper storage areas.
• Enforce the use of proper personal protective equipment.
• Plan each job well in advance.
17-3. Inspection Checklist for Portable Electric Tools
17-4. Types of Hammers
Hammers are made in different shapes and sizes, with different
configurations and varying degrees of hardness. Each hammer has a
specific purpose.
Types of Hammers • other hammers

• common nail hammers – scaling
• nail hammers – chipping
• ball peen hammers – soft-face
• sledgehammers – nonferrous
– magnetic
• hand-drilling hammers
– engineer’s
• bricklayer’s hammers
– blacksmith’s
• riveting and setting – spalling hammers
hammers – woodchopper’s mauls
17-5. Basic Rules for Selecting and Using Hammers
• Always wear eye protection

• Always strike a hammer blow squarely-avoid glancing blows,
overstrikes, and understrikes.
• When striking another tool, the striking face of the hammer
should have a diameter approximately 3/8-inch larger than the
struck face of the tool.
• Always use a hammer of suitable size and weight for the job.
• Never use a hammer to strike another hammer.
• Never use a hard-surface hammer to strike another harder
surface.
• Never use a hammer with a loose or damaged handle.
• Discard any hammer if it shows dents, cracks, chips,
mushrooming, or excessive wear.
Chapter 18
Woodworking Machinery
18-1. Rules for Safe Operation of Woodworking Tools
18-2. Rules for Safe Operation of Woodworking Tools (Cont.)
18-3. Minimizing Hazards in Saw Operation
• All saws pose potential hazards for operators. Safety and health
professionals can minimize these hazards by
– providing training for operators
– ensuring that all machinery is properly guarded
– making sure that all ANSI, NFPA, and government regulations are
followed
Chapter 19
Welding and Cutting
19-1. Pulmonary Irritants and Toxic Inhalants
• beryllium • manganese
• cadmium • mercury
• chromium • molybdenum
• copper • nickel
• fluoride • titanium
• lead • vanadium
• magnesium • zinc
19-2. Protective Clothing for Welders
• flame-resistant gauntlet gloves—leather or other suitable

material (may be insulated for heat)
• aprons made of leather or other flame-resistant material to
withstand radiated heat and sparks
• for heavy work, fire-resistant leggings, high boots, or similar
protection
• safety shoes, whenever heavy objects are handled (because of
spark hazard, avoid using low-cut shoes with unprotected tops)
• for overhead work, capes or shoulder covers of leather or other
suitable material. Skull caps of leather or flame-resistant fabric
may be worn under helmets to prevent head burns. Also, for
overhead welding, ear protection is sometimes desirable.
• safety hats or other head protection against sharp or heavy
falling objects
Chapter 20
Metalworking Machinery
20-1. Rules for Safely Operating Machine Tools
The following rules apply to safely operating any machine tool. Be
sure that operators know and follow these rules:
• Never leave machine tools running • Do not manually adjust and gauge
unattended, unless the machine has (caliper) work while the machine is
been designed to do so. running.
• Never wear jewelry or loose-fitting • Use brushes, vacuum equipment, or
clothing, especially loose sleeves,
loose shirt or jacket cuffs, and special tools for removing chips. Do
neckties. not use hands.
• Cover or tie long hair that could be • Understand the differences in
caught by moving parts. machining ferrous and nonferrous
• Wear eye protection. This rule metals, and know the health or fire
extends to others in the area, such as hazards of working with these
inspectors, stock handlers, and metals.
supervisors. • Use the proper hand tools for each
• Do not contaminate the metal job.
removal fluid (e.g., discard refuse or
spit into the tool’s coolant sump or
reservoir). This action can create a
chemical imbalance.
20-2. Grinder Checklist
Chapter 21
Working with Hot and Cold Metals
21-1. Point of Operation Safeguarding Devices
• Fixed Die-Enclosure Guards—provide the most complete

protection for the operator because the die is completely
enclosed and the guard is a permanent part of it
• Fixed-Barrier Guards—should be attached to the frame of
the press or to the bolster plate
• Interlocked Press-Barrier Guards—provide ready access to
the die because they are designed with a pivoting, sliding, or
removable section
• Adjustable-Barrier Guards—may be used when a die-
enclosure guard or fixed-barrier guard is too time consuming to
use, impractical, or both
21-2. Procedure for Removing Dies
1. Make sure the work space is 6. Remove bolts and clamps

cleared of all stock, containers, holding the die in place.
tools, and other items. 7. Ensure that the die is loose.
2. Disconnect the power and lock 8. Raise the arm slowly.
out the switch.
9. Block the ram in its highest
3. Dismantle or disconnect the position.
point-of-operation safety 10. Place the die truck close to the
devices. press and ensure that the truck
4. Clean off the bolster plate. is stable.
5. If the die is to be operated with 11. Inspect, repair, and protect dies
an air pad, shut off the air before storing them.
supply and open release valve.
21-3. Types of Power Press Brakes
General Purpose—operated by one individual with a single

operating control station
• mechanical press brakes
• hydraulic press brakes
Special Purpose—operated by one or more operators. Each

operator should have a control station appropriate to the
piece-part production system in use
21-4. Maintenance Checklist for Steam Hammers
21-5. Nondestructive Testing Methods
1. magnetic particle inspection

2. penetrant inspection
3. ultrasonic methods
4. triboelectric method
5. electromagnetic tests
6. radiography
Chapter 22
Automated Lines, Systems, or Processes
22-1. Flowchart for Hazard and/or Risk Assessment
22-2. 10 Rules for Safe Chemical Processing Operations
Chapter 23
The Computer as a Safety Information Tool
23-1. Uses of Electronic Information by the
SH&E Professional
1. As a reference tool—provides a less expensive and less time

consuming way to keep track of rapidly changing regulations and
technologies
2. As a networking tool—provides quick access to technical issues in
specific fields, tips on how to approach specific problems, identifies
prospective partners and/or consultants
3. As a safety culture tool—an organization’s website may provide for
online training, a reference library, and a way to provide safety
awareness
4. As an safety program management tool—enables data from
specific environmental sampling instruments to be collected, organized,
and managed effectively and efficiently
Chapter 24
Process Safety Management
24-1. Basic PSM Programs
When developing a PSM program, management should consider:

• Incident-prevention objectives
• existing employer and contractor PSM programs
• use of internal resources versus outside consultants
24-2. Four Types of Process
Safety Compliance Inspections
1. Inspections Resulting from Responses to Accidents and

Catastrophes
2. Unprogrammed Process Safety Management-Related
Inspections
3. Programmed General Industry Inspections
4. Program Quality Verification Inspections
Chapter 25
Aviation Safety
25-1. The Federal Aviation Administration
Responsibilities
FAA’s responsibilities include:

•Register aircraft
•Issue air-worthiness certifications
•Approve aircraft designs and productions
•Authority over airports in the form of regulating:
– safety
– environmental programs
– engineering design and construction
– airport compliance
– runway safety
– fire fighting
– safety management systems
– wildlife strike prevention
– administers air traffic control services through its operational arm
– provide data and research to the public and the aviation industry
25-2. Federal Aviation Administration
Responsibilities (Cont.)
• Provide data and research to the public and the aviation

industry
• Office of Accident Investigation and Prevention
– provides preliminary accident and incident data for the
previous 10 working days accident and incident reports
• Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing (ASIAS)
system
• Oversee the certification types for airmen, aircraft, airlines,
airports, and commercial outer space transportation
• Offer training and testing programs
25.3. Elements Crucial to an
Aviation Safety Management System (SMS)
• Safety and policy objectives—a formal safety policy signed

by senior management and including top level commitments to
implementing the SMS
• Safety risk management (SRM)—a five-stage process that
identifies hazards and potential risks and encourages the design
of risk mitigation strategies
• Safety assurance—policies that address auditing, oversight,
and correction of discrepancies with input, review, and feedback
from multiple sources
• Safety promotion—all aspects and levels of safety-related
education and communication within an organization, which
directs resources toward the goals of continuous improvement
set forth by the formal safety policy
Chapter 26
Oil and Gas Safety
26-1. Three Segments of the Oil Industry
26-2. Four Elements of the Hazard Management Process
26-3. Safety and Health Hazard Categories
Chapter 27
Waste and Recycling Safety
27-1. Three Groups of Solid Waste Industry
1. Collection
2. Treatment and disposal
3. Other waste remediation services
27-2. EPA Requirements for Landfill Design and Operation
• Location restrictions—ensure that landfills are built in suitable areas.
• Composite liner requirements—include a flexible membrane overlaying 2 ft of
compacted clay soil lining the bottom and sides of the landfill.
• Leachate collection and removal systems—sit on top of the composite liner and
remove leachate from the landfill.
• Operating practices—compact and cover waste frequently with several inches
of soil to help reduce odor; control litter, insects, and rodents.
• Groundwater monitoring requirements—require testing groundwater wells to
determine whether waste materials have escaped from the landfill.
• Closure and postclosure care requirements—include covering landfills and
providing long-term care of closed landfills.
• Corrective action provisions—control and clean up landfill releases and
achieve groundwater protection standards.
• Financial assurance—provides funding for environmental protection during
and after landfill closure (i.e., closure and postclosure care).
27-3. Exposure to Potentially Hazardous Equipment
• Waste and recycling workers often complete tasks in close

proximity to a variety of hazards, including heavy equipment
and machinery with moving parts such as conveyor belts, push
blades, balers, and compactors. To reduce hazards:
– Facility operators should develop an employee equipment
orientation program and establish safety programs to minimize the
risk of injury.
– Use lockout/tagout systems.
– Implement and strictly enforce rules requiring that visiting children
and pets remain in the vehicle at all times.
– Post signs and apply brightly colored paint or tape to hazards
alerting customers to potential dangers.

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©2015 National Safety Council ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY 1

Engineering & Technology

• Significant reductions in injuries, illnesses, and damage to the

To achieve the greatest effectiveness in hazard avoidance, elimination,

First Priority: Fourth Priority:

General Design Considerations Factors to Consider in the

• Relationship of structure to climate and terrain

• Nature of the Business and Processes

A successful plan must address:

• Identify site-specific safety hazards to contractors

• Proper long-term care of the buildings, grounds, and equipment

Anticipate and avoid the following common causes of explosions in

• errors in design, construction, and installation

• Safety valves—the spring-loaded type is commonly used on vessels

The characteristics of a proper guard include:

On the other hand, a guard should not:

• Selecting Electrical Equipment – push button or snap switches

• Extension Cords – wattmeter

The degree of potential hazard from flammable and combustible

1. Investigate and determine the physical and chemical properties

After nanomaterials are put into use in the workplace, epidemiology

• DO engineer manual lifting and lowering out of the task and

• Bearing: loose, worn • Couplings: loose, worn

• Guards: bent, broken, lost • Mechanical parts (rivets, covers,

• Wire rope is made from a number of individual wires grouped in

Chain slings require three types of inspection:

1. Initial inspections—Both new and repaired slings should be

A. turning a sharp corner

• (Left diagram) With forks spread wide, the load is well

Prevent accidents to heavy equipment by:

1. Provide proper protective equipment.

• Train employees to select the right tools.

Types of Hammers • other hammers

• Always wear eye protection

• flame-resistant gauntlet gloves—leather or other suitable

• Fixed Die-Enclosure Guards—provide the most complete

1. Make sure the work space is 6. Remove bolts and clamps

General Purpose—operated by one individual with a single

Special Purpose—operated by one or more operators. Each

1. magnetic particle inspection

1. As a reference tool—provides a less expensive and less time

When developing a PSM program, management should consider:

1. Inspections Resulting from Responses to Accidents and

FAA’s responsibilities include:

• Provide data and research to the public and the aviation

• Safety and policy objectives—a formal safety policy signed

• Waste and recycling workers often complete tasks in close

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