Lecture # 08

CONVECTION
Three Modes of Heat Transfers of Heat Transfer
Basic Idea About Convection
 Natural convection around a person
• Light weight warm air tends to
move upward when surrounded
by cooler air.

• Thus, warm-blooded animals

are surrounded by thermal
plumes of rising warm air.

• This plume is made visible by

means of a Schlieren optical https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLp_rSBzteI
system that is based on the fact
that the refraction of light
through a gas is dependent on
the density of the gas.
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Basic Idea About Convection
No-Slip Condition, No-Temperature Jump
 Non-Dimensionl Parameters
As there are a large number of physical
variables that appear in the boundary
layer equations. To simplify these, few
parameters are combined in the form of
a group. The familiar dimensionless
groups that today bear the names of the
inventors are “Nusselt number (Nu)”,
“Reynolds number (Re)”, “Prandtl
number (Pr)” and “Grashof number
(Gr).”

In heat transfer at a boundary (surface) within

a fluid, the Nusselt number is the ratio
of convective to conductive heat transfer across
(normal to) the boundary.

Nuremberg, Germany, (1882-1957); Munich, heat transfer, thermodynamics.

What is the Difference between Biot Number and
Nusselt Number?
Velocity Boundary Layer
Reynolds number for fluid flow in pipes
Viscosity is defined as a fluid’s resistance to flow, or the fluid’s resistance to deform
when subjected to a force.
Dynamic viscosity is usually reported in Centipoise (cP) and Brookfield rotary method
is useful for it measurement.
Kinematic viscosity is traditionally measured by noting the time taken for a fluid
sample to travel through an orifice in a capillary under the force of gravity. The time
taken is noted and converted into Kinematic Viscosity, reported in Centistoke units
(cSt).
Dynamic Viscosity (cP) = Kinematic Viscosity (cSt) x Fluid Density (kg/m3)