Welcome

Course: Thermodynamics II
Fall Semester- 2020
Lecture 15
Course Designation Core
Credit 3
No. of Sessions/Week 2
Total Session Duration 3 hrs

02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 1

 Lecture 15

Contents of Lecture 15
• Application of Entropy Principle
• Transfer of Heat between two Thermal Energy Reservoir
• Mixing of two Incompressible Fluids
• Heat Transfer between a Finite body and Thermal Energy Reservoir
• Maximum work obtainable from finite body and Thermal Energy Reservoir
• Maximum work obtainable from two finite bodies
• Comparative Study
• Numerical Problems
• Conceptual Question/Answer
02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 2
 Application of Entropy Principle
➢ Transfer of Heat between Two Thermal Energy Reservoir
➢ Mixing of Two Fluids
➢ Maximum Work Obtainable from a Finite Body and Thermal Energy
Reservoir
➢ Maximum Work Obtainable from Two Finite Bodies at Temperature T1
And T2
➢ Process Exhibiting External Mechanical Irreversibility

02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 3

 Transfer of Heat between two Thermal Energy Reservoir
Insulation
CASE 1:
Assume T1 > T2 TER B
TER A
Q Q T2
s A = − & s B = T1
T1 T2
suni = ssys + ssurr Ssurr is zero due to insulation

suni = ssys = s A + sB

Q Q
suni =− +
T1 T2
1 1  T1 − T2 
suni =Q −  =Q 
 T2 T1   T1T2 
suni = positive T1  T2 It is an irreversible process

02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 4

 Transfer of Heat between two Thermal Energy Reservoir
Insulation
CASE 2:
Assume T1 = T2 TER B
TER A
T2
suni = 0 T1

CASE 3:
It is a reversible process
Assume T1 > T2
and heat is flowing from
T1 to T2

suni  0

It is an impossible process

02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 5

 Mixing of Two Incompressible Fluids
Insulation
➢ A & B are not Thermal Energy Reservoir
➢ When partition is removed, both fluids will mix together
Fluid A Fluid B
➢ Final mass = m1+m2
M1 M2
➢ T1→Tf and T2→ Tf C1 C2
T1 T2
➢ The final temperature Tf is less than T1 and greater than T2
T 1 > T2
➢ When partition is removed, then
Partition

02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 6

 Mixing of Two Incompressible Fluids
Insulation
Due to insulation ssurr = 0

Fluid A Fluid B
M1 M2
C1 C2
T1 T2

Irreversible and possible

process Partition

02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 7

 Mixing of Two Incompressible Fluids
Insulation
For Final Temperature
Fluid A Fluid B
M1 M2
C1 C2
T1 T2

Partition

02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 8

 Mixing of Two Incompressible Fluids
Insulation
Case:
When m1 = m2 = m Fluid A Fluid B
And c1 = c2 = c M1 M2
When both fluids have same mass and same specific heats C1 C2
T1 T2

Partition

02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 9

 Mixing of Two Incompressible Fluids
Insulation

Fluid A Fluid B
M1 M2
C1 C2
T1 T2

Partition

02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 10

Heat Transfer between a Finite body and Thermal Energy Reservoir
Insulation

Body A TER
T, C, m To
T > To

Irreversible process,
possible process

02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 11

Maximum Work Obtainable from Finite body and Thermal Energy Reservoir
Insulation
T > To

Body A Heat TER

T, C, m Engine To
Q Q-W

02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 12

 Maximum Work Obtainable from Two Finite bodies
Insulation
T 1 > Tf
Tf > T2

Body A Heat Body B

T1 Engine T2
Q Q-W

At Equilibrium

Body A Heat Body B

Eq A Tf Engine Tf
Q=0 Q-W

W=0

02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 13

 Maximum Work Obtainable from Two Finite bodies

02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 14

Maximum Work Obtainable from Two Finite bodies

From Eq A

02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 15

 Comparative Study
Insulation
Case A: Mixing of Two incompressible fluids

Case A: No work is obtained Fluid A Fluid B

M1 M2
C1 C2
T1 T2

Case B: Work from two bodies reversible

Case B: Max work is obtained Partition

Case C: Work from two bodies irreversible Insulation

Case C: Work is obtained T 1 > Tf
Tf > T2
less than reversible
Body A Heat Body B
T1 Engine T2
Q Q-W
(Tf)case A > (Tf)case C > (Tf)case B
W

02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 16

 Conceptual Question
How can we change “s” of a substance going through a reversible process?

From the definition of entropy

for a reversible process. Thus only heat transfer gives a change in s, expansion /
compression involving work does not give such a contribution.

02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 17

 Conceptual Question
A reversible process adds heat to a substance. If T is varying does that influence the
change in “s” ?

Yes.

for a reversible process.

So if T goes up it means that ‘s’ changes less per unit of dq, and the opposite if T
decreases then ‘s’ changes more per unit of dq.

02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 18

 Lecture 15

Home Assignment

▪ All students are advised to go through example problems of each topic discussed in this lecture.

▪ All students must submit handwritten lecture summary report minimum of three pages before the
commencement of next lecture.

▪ All students are advised to submit hard copies of every assignment and report.

▪ All students are advised to prepare previous lecture thoroughly before next class as there will be
viva/oral question answer session for every student.

02.09.2020 Mechanical Engineering Department 19