SH5107

Industrial Ventilation

Tan Kia Tang

Veronica Chow
Veronica Ong
Replacement & Recirculation

Veronica Ong
 Scope
1. Make-up (replacement or supply) air
– Quantity
– Quality
– Distributions

2. Recirculation air
Replacement or Make-up Air
 Make-up Air for Local Exhaust Ventilation

Q
 Supply or Make-up Air for Dilution Ventilation

Q=kG/C

Make-up air = Dilution air Q

(dilution ventilation is for relatively less toxic gases or vapours)

 Supply or Make Up Air for General Ventilation

Make-up air = Exhaust air

General ventilation is for workplace with no contaminants generation

Make-up air for General & Local Exhaust Ventilation

Q
 Make up air requirements

1. Quantity (or flowrate)

2. Quality
3. Distribution
Make-up Air Quantity
Make up air quantity or flowrate, Q
Q of make up air = Q of extract air
- Room maintained at atmospheric pressure
- for non-toxic gases or vapours

Q of make up air < Q of extract air

- Room pressure negative (less than atmospheric pressure)
- To prevent egress of toxic gases or vapours

Q of make up air > Q of extract air

- Room pressure positive (more than atmospheric pressure)
- To prevent ingress of contaminated air

Guideline: make up air within +/-10% of extract air

Make-up Air Quantity
Fan Performance
@ Atm Pressure vs Negative Room Pressure

Room at Atm. Pressure Room under -ve pressure

free air delivery

Q
Q1 Q 2
Air flow volume reduction is more
pronounced for propeller fan

1. Room under –ve pressure, say 1”w.g negative

pressure or 406”water.
1. Room at 1 atm pressure or 407”water 2. Valve fully open
2. Valve fully open (system resistance = 0) 3. Outside duct : <1 atm or 406”w.g.
3. Outside duct : 1 atm or 407”water 4. Inside duct : 406 water. (absolute pressure)
4. Inside duct : 407 ”water. (absolute 5. SP = 406 – 406 or 0 water.
pressure) 6. Air flow rate is reduced to Q1 (propeller fan) and Q2
5. SP = 407 – 407 or 0”water.
(centrifugal fan)
6. Air flow rate Q is max (free air delivery).
Make-up Air Quantity
LEV System Performance
@ Atm Pressure vs Negative Room Pressure

1. Room at 1 atm pressure or 407”water 1. Room under –ve pressure, say 1”w.g negative
2. Valve partially closed (system resistance pressure or 406”water
≠ 0) 2. Valve partially closed
3. Outside duct : 1 atm or 407 ”water 3. Outside duct : <1 atm or 406”water
4. Inside duct : <407”water. say 406”water. 4. Inside duct : <406”water say 405”water.
5. SP = 407 – 406 or 1”water. 5. SP = 406 – 405 or 1”water
6. Air flow rate is Qa 6. Air flow rate is reduced to Qb

System curve at –ve System curve at –ve

pressure in building pressure in building

Qb Qa Qb Qa

Propeller Fan – Larger Airflow Loss Centrifugal Fan – Smaller Airflow Loss
Make-up Air Quantity
Negative Room Pressure & Adverse Conditions
Negative Room Pressure Adverse Conditions
(magnitude in negative)

0.01 - 0.02 “ w.g.

0.25 – 0.50 mm w.g. High velocity drafts through doors & windows
2.5 – 5.0 Pa

0.01 – 0.05 “ w.g. Ventilation through roof exhaust ventilators & flow through stacks
0.25 – 1.27 mm w.g. greatly reduced
2.5 - 12.5 Pa

0.03 – 0.10 “ w.g. Air flows in low pressure supply & exhaust systems reduced
0.76 – 2.54 mm w.g.
7.5 – 25 Pa

0.05 – 0.10 “ w.g.

1.27 – 2.54 mm w.g. Doors difficult to open (outwards)
12.5 – 25 Pa

0.10 – 0.25 “ w.g.

2.54 – 1.59 mm w.g. LEV system impaired – centrifugal fan exhaust flow reduced
25 – 62 Pa
Make-up Air Quantity
Negative Room Pressure & Air Velocity
through Crack Opening (f = 1.78 or Ce = 0.6)
Negative Pressure Air Velocity
Pa m/s fpm
2 1.09 215

4 1.55 305
6 1.90 374
8 2.19 431
10 2.45 482
15 3.00 590
20 3.46 681
25 3.87 762
30 4.24 834
40 4.90 964
Make-up Air Quantity
Make up air quality requirements
• Make up air must be clean (SS554:2016 Code of Practice for Indoor
Air Quality for Air-Conditioned Buildings)
• Intake must be placed as far away as possible from exhaust stack
(recommend at least 15m) to prevent re-entry

SS658 Annex J 1:5 slope line that

just clears the
recirculation zone

Calculate all air

intakes within
15m of the
stack
Make-up Air Distributions
Good, Fair & Poor Make-up Air Supply

Dead zones

C
Dead zones
Make-up Air Distributions
Make-up Air – Supply Through Wall Grille

Winter
Winter –– low
low air
air motion
motion Summer
Summer –– high
high air
air motion
motion
in
in working
working zone
zone in
in working
working zone
zone

Supply air grille should be about 10 ft or 3 m above floor

Make-up Air Distributions
Make-up Air – supply through ceiling outlet

Winter – low air Summer – high air

motion in working motion in working
zone zone

Ceiling outlet should be about 10 ft or 3 m above floor

 Make-up Air Supply - summary

Make-up Air Objective

1 Makeup air > Exhaust air by up to 10% +ve room pressure to prevent
ingress of outdoor pollutants
2 Makeup air < Exhaust air by up to 10% -ve room pressure to prevent egress
of contaminants

3 Makeup air flows to workers then to Supply clean air to workers first
exhaust ventilation system

4 Makeup air is introduced at 2.4 to 3 m Supply air to “living zone”

from floor

5 Makeup air velocity should not be too Prevent draft and cross draft
high
Recirculation of Exhaust Air
 Re-circulation of Exhaust Air

Advantages Disadvantages
Energy saving Accumulation of indoor generated
contaminants
Protect indoor air quality Depletion of indoor oxygen
from external pollutants overtime

Don’t operate at 100% recirculation

Re-circulation of Exhaust Air – general types

Fresh air
Fresh air

False ceiling
AHU AHU

Ducted return Plenum return

 Recirculation of Exhaust Air - Criteria

• Never recirculate air containing highly toxic substances or CMR

(carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction)
• Never allow recirculation which risked increase exposure
• Air cleaners must provide reliable removal of contaminants below
PEL
• Install monitoring system or feedback devices (e.g. SP taps & toxic
gas monitors) in the AHU for monitoring system performance. Set
to back-up AHU system when needed or provide warning alarms
• Optional indoor sensors (Eg. gas detectors, room LEL detector or
O2 sensor) may be installed which can automatically set the AHU
to once through when activated

Note: instrumentation installed to be designed as Fail-safe. A fail-safe is a

device or system that is designed to remain safe in the event of a failure.
A fail-safe isn't designed to prevent failure but mitigates failure when it does
occur.
 Re-circulation of Exhaust Air - Basic components
Exhausted air
Make up air

Backup
system

Bypass
Primary fan
Secondary
air cleaner damper
fan air cleaner

Source of Sensor and

airborne alarm
contaminants
Typical Recirculation of Exhaust Air
Typical Recirculation of Exhaust Air
The End