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Biomoléculas

La química de la vida
CÉLULA CÉLULA
PROCARIÓTICA EUCARIÓTICA
(1  m) (10  m)

pared celular
vacuola
pelo lisosoma

mitocondria
pared celular
retículo
endoplásmico
polisoma rugoso
membrana membrana
celular celular
núcleo
ribosoma Golgi nucleolo

retículo
ADN ribosomas endoplásmico
liso
cloroplasto

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida


Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)
Editorial Rueda, Madrid
Plant Cell Diagram
Animal Cell Diagram
Bacterial Cell Diagram
Bacillus anthracis cell diagram:
illustration of the structure of a
vegetative anthrax bacterium
Yersinia pestis cell diagram:
illustration of the structure
of a plague (Black Death or
Bubonic Plague) bacterium
The capsids of some viruses, all shown at the same scale.
(A) Tomato bushy stunt virus; (B) poliovirus; (C) simian
virus 40 (SV40); (D) satellite tobacco necrosis virus.
Illustration of
Influenza Virus,
Family
Orthomyxoviridae
Simplified
diagram of
HIV virus
A single viral particle infects a
HeLa cell (Science 294, 1929–
1932, 2001). Viruses slow down
as they approached a cell,
bouncing off the membrane
four or five times before either
successfully penetrating the cell
or being rebuffed. Once inside
the cell, most of the successful
viruses drifted around the
cytoplasm at random, but some
took a fast track to the nucleus,
running along microtubules,
the cell's transport system.
The cover shows the
airways of the bronchus of a
patient suffering from cystic
fibrosis. The airways are
lined with hair like cilia
(dark blue, purple) which
normally clear bacteria and
mucus (yellow) from the
lungs. In cystic fibrosis,
mucus accumulates and life-
threatening infections
develop. Scanning electron
micrograph by Jergen
Burger, Max Planck
Institute, Science Photo
Library.
B IO M O L É C U LA S

S illares m o le culare s P olím ero s y agregad os

A m in oá cidos (20) P rote ína s

M onon ucleótid os (4) Á cidos n u cleic os

M onos acárid os (v arios) P olisacá ridos

F os folípidos (v arios) M em bra na s

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida


Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)
Editorial Rueda, Madrid
LOS ELEMENTOS DE LA MATERIA VIVA

P
G I II I II IV V VI V II V III

1 H H

2 B C N O F

3 Na Mg Si P S Cl

4 K Ca V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Se

5 Mo Sn I

6  W

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida


Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)
Editorial Rueda, Madrid
Composición elemental y molecular aproximada
del alga verde-azulada Anabaena

Peso seco Peso seco


Bioelemento Componente molecular
(%) (%)

Carbono 50 Proteínas 50
Oxígeno 25 Carbohidratos 25
Nitrógeno 12 Lípidos 8
Hidrógeno 6 Ácidos nucleicos
Fósforo 1 DNA 1
Azufre 0,5 RNA 7
Otros 5 Metabolitos e iones 8

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida


Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)
Editorial Rueda, Madrid
Composición molecular aproximada de la
bacteria Escherichia coli
Componente Peso fresco Peso seco Especies
molecular (%) (%) moleculares
Agua 70 1
Proteínas 15 50 3000
Ácidos nucleicos 23
DNA 1 1
RNA 6 3000
Carbohidratos 3 10 5
Lípidos 2 7 20
Metabolitos, vitaminas,
sillares moleculares 2 7 500
Iones inorgánicos 1 3 20

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la Vida


Losada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)
Editorial Rueda, Madrid

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