Professional Documents
Culture Documents
9-1
Project Scheduling
Steps Techniques
Define activities Gantt chart
Sequence CPM/PERT
activities
Estimate time
Develop schedule
9-2
Gantt Chart
9-3
Example of Gantt Chart
Month
0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10
Activity
Design house
and obtain
financing
Lay foundation
Order and
receive
materials
Build house
Select paint
Select carpet
Finish work
1 3 5 7 9
Month
9-4
Project Control
Time management
Cost management
Quality management
Performance management
Earned Value Analysis
a standard procedure for numerically measuring a
project’s progress, forecasting its completion date and
cost and measuring schedule and budget variation
Communication
Enterprise project management
9-5
CPM/PERT
9-6
Project Network
Activity-on-node (AON)
nodes represent activities,
and arrows show
precedence relationships Node
Activity-on-arrow (AOA)
arrows represent activities 1 2 3
and nodes are events for
points in time
Event Branch
completion or beginning
of an activity in a project
Dummy
two or more activities
cannot share same start
and end nodes
9-7
AOA Project Network for
a House
3
Lay Dummy
foundation
2 0 Build Finish
3 1 house work
1 2 4 6 7
Design house Order and 3 1
and obtain receive 1 1
Select Select
financing materials paint carpet
5
9-8
Concurrent Activities
3
Lay foundation Lay
Dummy
foundation
2 0
2 3
1
Order material 2 4
Order material
9-9
AON Network for House
Building Project
Lay foundations Build house
2 4
Finish work
2 3
7
Start 1 1
3
Design house 6
and obtain
3
1 5 1
financing
1 Select carpet
Order and receive
materials Select paint
9-10
Critical Path
2 4
2 3
7
Start 1 1
3
3 6
1 5 1
1
A: 1-2-4-7
3 + 2 + 3 + 1 = 9 months Critical path
B: 1-2-5-6-7 Longest path
3 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 8 months through a network
C: 1-3-4-7
3 + 1 + 3 + 1 = 8 months
Minimum project
D: 1-3-5-6-7 completion time
3 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 7 months
9-11
Activity Start Times
Start at 5 months
2 4
Finish at 9 months
2 3
7 Finish
Start 1 1
3
3 6
1 5 1
1 Start at 6 months
Start at 3 months
Earliest finish
1 0 3
3 0 3
Latest finish
1 0 3 7 8 9
1 1
Design house
Finish work
and obtain 6 6 7
financing 3 3 4
1
1 5 5 6
Select carpet
Order and receive 1
materials Select pain
1 0 3 7 8 9
1 0 3 1 8 9
Design house
and obtain 6 6 7 Finish work
financing 3 3 4
1 7 8
1 4 5 5 5 6
Select carpet
Order and receive 1 6 7
materials Select pain
Activity LS ES LF EF Slack S
*1 0 0 3 3 0
*2 3 3 5 5 0
3 4 3 5 4 1
*4 5 5 8 8 0
5 6 5 7 6 1
6 7 6 8 7 1
*7 8 8 9 9 0
* Critical Path
P(time)
a m t b a t m b
Time Time
P(time)
a m=t b
Time
Orientation
7
2,2,2
16 1 0 3
8 9
Start 2 0 6 Finish
7 9 16
6 0 6 9
5 6 11 16 25
3 6 9 9 9 13
9 16 25
4 12 16
3 0 3 6 3 7
3 2 5 4 5 9
7 3 5
2 14 16
Z
= tp x Time
P(x 30 weeks)
x-
2 = 6.89 weeks Z=
= 6.89 30 - 25
= 2.62
= 2.62 weeks
= 25 x = 30 Time (weeks)
= 1.91
Crashing
reducing project time by expending additional
resources
Crash time
an amount of time an activity is reduced
Crash cost
cost of reducing activity time
Goal
reduce project duration at minimum cost
2 4
12
8
7
1 4
12
3 6
4 5 4
4
$6,000 –
Crash cost
Normal cost
$2,000 –
$1,000 –
Crash time Normal time
| | | | | | |
–
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Weeks
TOTAL
NORMAL CRASH ALLOWABLE CRASH
TIME TIME NORMAL CRASH CRASH TIME COST PER
ACTIVITY (WEEKS) (WEEKS) COST COST (WEEKS) WEEK
$400 3 6
4 5 4
4 $200
$3000
$200
$500 $7000
2 4
8 12 $700
7
1
TO… 7
4
Indirect cost
Cost ($)
Direct cost
Crashing Time
Project duration
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 9-37