WELDING POSITIONS

WELDING IMPERFECTION
 WELD DEFECTS
The strength of a weld depends on the :
- tools and filler used;
- their shapes;
- their arrangement on the piece to be welded;
- the manner in which it is done by the welder.

Weld, root and fusion faults are recognizable

requirements for good welding :

- complete melting of the joint edges;
- through-welding to the root of the joint;
- the correct degree of convexity on the top

Correctly executed weld

If one or more of these requirements are not met,
there is a risk of weld defects.
Imperfect shape
undercut
 overlap

- too hard rushing flame;

causes - blowpipe is too large;
- too slow rate of travel;
- rod addition too small
Excessive reinforcement (excess weld metal)
(overfilled groove) (reinforced joint)

Causes :
- speed travel is too slow;
- rod addition too large.
 Excessive penetration ( excessive root convexity )

- unsuitable edge preparation (gap too large,

Causes : face too small, included angle too large);
- Slow speed of travel of blowpipe;
- Concentration of heat.
 Root concavity – Lack of penetration

unsuitable edge preparation

Causes : ( included angle too small,
gap too small, face too large ).
Poor restart
 And so on !! Like :
 Porosity
 Burn through
 Excessive spatter
 Lack of fusion
 Etc.
Cacat las dan cara
Menghindarinya :
QUALIFICATION OF WELDERS
 Welder Performance
Qualification (WPQ)
Standardized welder performance qualifications guarantee that the
dexterity-test of welders is done according to standardized
prescriptions and on standardized specimens under the same
conditions, independently from the field of application. When the
welder passes the welder performance qualification as per
standards, it shows that he has the necessary, minimum manual
skills for his operational assignment.
EN 287-1 applies for the qualification of a welder

EN 287-1 111 P BW W 11 B t ag PFS ss nb

EN 287-1 Standard after which the WPQ has been passed

That mean :
111 Abbreviation for the welding process -)- manual metal arc welding

P Code for sheet metal

BW Code for butt weld

W11 Material-group -> austenitic steel

B Code for filler metal, basic coating

t09 Specimen-dimension: plate thickness 9 mm

PF Code for welding-position: butt weld on sheet metal, uphill-position ss

Seam-execution: single-side

nb Seam-execution: without backing

WELDER CERTIFICATE
according to EN9606
 Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS)

The fabricator has to prepare welding prodedure specifications (WPS) in

agreement with the corresponding section of EN 288, and to guarantee
their correct application during the fabrication.

Before WPS to be applied by the company in particular job

within the project/job, should be approved first !
 STOP DULU AH…….